Investigations into the structuring by two-photon polymerization of a nonshrinking, photosensitive, zirconium sol−gel material are presented. This hybrid can be photostructured even when it contains up to 30 mol % propoxide (ZPO); varying material's inorganic content, is possible modify and tune its refractive index. The introduction ZPO significantly increases photosensitivity resulting photopolymer. fabricated three-dimensional photonic crystal structures demonstrate high resolution clear...

In the present work, 3D CAD scaffolds for tissue engineering applications were developed starting from methacrylamide-modified gelatin (GelMOD) using two-photon polymerization (2PP). The cross-linked employing biocompatible photoinitiator Irgacure 2959. Because is derived collagen (i.e., main constituent of ECM), materials mimic cellular microenvironment a chemical point view. addition, by applying 2PP technique, structural properties can also be mimicked. Furthermore, in vitro degradation...

One of the most promising approaches in tissue engineering is application 3D scaffolds, which provide cell support and guidance initial formation stage. The porosity scaffold internal pore organization influence migration play a major role its biodegradation dynamics, nutrient diffusion mechanical stability. In order to control cellular interactions within scaffold, novel technologies capable producing structures accordance with predefined design are required. two-photon polymerization (2PP)...

Abstract The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex and dynamic environment. It provides numerous spatio‐temporal signals mediating many cellular functions including morphogenesis, adhesion, proliferation differentiation. cell–ECM interaction is bidirectional. Cells dynamically receive process information from the ECM remodel it at same time. Theses interactions are still not fully understood. For better understanding, indispensable to deconstruct up point of investigating...

Abstract Microfluidics enables the downscaling of biochemical applications from a lab setting to portable format. With field's recent switch replica molding 3D printing, complex geometries can be created and diverse range functional elements has been reported. Recent advancements in development 3D‐printed sensors, actuators, other valuable for microfluidic devices are summarized. Using movable parts, such as valves or pumps, fluid flow precisely controlled directed. Sensors, turn, allow...

Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a powerful technique for the fabrication of 3D micro- and submicro-structures. By applying laser powers that are only slightly above threshold, structuring photosensitive materials with resolution down to 100 nm can be realized. Here we report on woodpile photonic crystal structures fabricated in organic-inorganic hybrid polymers (Ormocers) investigation their optical properties. The crystals possess band gap near infrared spectral region. polymeric used as...

Three‐dimensional microneedle devices were created by femtosecond laser two photon polymerization (2PP) of organically modified ceramic (Ormocer®) hybrid materials. Arrays in‐plane and out‐of‐plane hollow microneedles (microneedle length=800 μm, base diameter=150–300 μm) with various aspect ratios fabricated. The fracture penetration properties the arrays examined using compression load testing. In these studies, penetrated cadaveric porcine adipose tissue without fracture. Human epidermal...

We report on recent advances in the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine constructs using a two-photon polymerization technique (2PP). 2PP is novel CAD/CAM technology allowing any computer-designed 3D structure from photosensitive polymeric material. The flexibility this ability to precisely define construct geometry allows issues associated with vascularization patient-specific be directly addressed. reproducible scaffold...

A reproducible method is needed to fabricate 3D scaffold constructs that results in periodic and uniform structures with precise control at sub‐micrometer micrometer length scales. In this study, fabrication of scaffolds by two‐photon polymerization (2PP) a biodegradable urethane acrylate‐based photoelastomer demonstrated. This material supports 2PP processing spatial resolution. The high photoreactivity the biophotoelastomer permits scanning speed 1000 mm s −1 , facilitating rapid...

Two-photon polymerization has been employed to fabricate three-dimensional structures using the biodegradable triblock copolymer poly(ε-caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate) with 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone as photoinitiator. The fabricated were of good quality and had four micron resolution. Initial cytotoxicity tests show that material does not affect cell proliferation. These studies demonstrate potential...

The two-photon polymerization (2PP) of photosensitive gelatin in the presence living cells is reported. 2PP technique based on localized cross-linking photopolymers induced by femtosecond laser pulses. availability water-soluble photoinitiators (PI) suitable for crucial applying this method to cell-containing materials. Novel PIs developed our group allow formulations with up 80% cell culture medium. cytocompatibility these was evaluated an MTT assay. results encapsulation show occurrence...

Microneedles are small-scale devices that may be used for drug delivery and biosensing. In this study, the forces required mechanical failure, modes of as well mechanisms microneedle penetration into porcine skin were examined. produced from acrylate-based polymer e-Shell 200 using an indirect rapid prototyping approach involving two-photon polymerization poly(dimethylsiloxane) micromolding found to possess sufficient strength skin. The failure order magnitude greater than necessary full...

The lack of efficient water-soluble two-photon absorption (TPA) photoinitiators has been a critical obstruction for three dimensional hydrogel microfabrications with high water load by induced polymerization (TPIP). In this paper, series cyclic benzylidene ketone-based initiators, containing carboxylic acid sodium salts to improve solubility, were synthesized via classical aldol condensation reactions. cytotoxicity cyclopentanone-based is as low that the well-known biocompatible...

In the present work, two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique was applied to develop precisely defined biodegradable 3D tissue engineering scaffolds. The scaffolds were fabricated via photopolymerization of gelatin modified with methacrylamide moieties. results indicate that derivative (GelMod) preserves its enzymatic degradation capability after photopolymerization. addition, developed using 2PP support primary adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) adhesion, proliferation and differentiation...

Hydrogels are polymeric materials with water contents similar to that of soft tissues. Due their biomimetic properties, they have been extensively used in various biomedical applications including cell encapsulation for tissue engineering. The utilization photopolymers provides a possibility the temporal and spatial controlling hydrogel cross-links. We produced three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds by means two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique. Using highly efficient water-soluble...

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology to develop customized biomaterials in regenerative medicine. However, for the majority of printable (bioinks) there always compromise between excellent printability fluids and good mechanical properties solids. soft materials based on transition from fluid gel state challenging because difficulties control such as well maintain uniform conditions three-dimensionally. To solve these challenges, facile chemical strategy development...