Abstract Astrocytes provide structural and functional support for neurons, as well display neurotoxic or neuroprotective phenotypes depending upon the presence of an immune inflammatory microenvironment. This study was undertaken to characterize multiple activated astrocytes investigate regulatory mechanisms involved. We report that in culture exhibit two with respect pro- anti-inflammatory gene expression, glial fibrillary acidic protein activities. The distinct were also demonstrated a...

Activated macrophages are classified into two different forms: classically activated (M1) or alternatively (M2) macrophages. The presence of M1/M2 phenotypic polarization has also been suggested for microglia. Here, we report that the secreted protein lipocalin 2 (LCN2) amplifies M1 LCN2 (EC50 1 μg/ml), but not glutathione S-transferase used as a control, increased M1-related gene expression in cultured mouse microglial cells after 8–24 h. was from M1-polarized, M2-polarized, inhibited...

Abstract Lipocalin‐2 (LCN2) has diverse functions in multiple pathophysiological conditions; however, its pathogenic role vascular dementia (VaD) is unknown. Here, we investigated the of LCN2 VaD using rodent models global cerebral ischemia and hypoperfusion with cognitive impairment neuroinflammation. Mice subjected to transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tBCCAo) for 50 min showed neuronal death gliosis hippocampus at 7 days post‐tBCCAo. expression was observed predominantly...

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) plays an important role in cellular processes as diverse cell growth, migration/invasion, differentiation, and death/survival. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that LCN2 expression secretion by glial cells are induced inflammatory stimuli the central nervous system. The present study was undertaken to examine regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) determine disease process. found be strongly increased spinal cord secondary lymphoid tissues after...

While glial activation is an integral part of pain pathogenesis, the existence a causal relationship between glia and processing has yet to be demonstrated in vivo. Here, we have investigated whether spinal astrocytes could directly evoke hypersensitivity vivo via use optogenetic techniques. Optogenetic stimulation channelrhopdopsin-2 (ChR)-expressing induced reversible time-dependent manner, which was accompanied by activation, NR1 phosphorylation, ATP release, production proalgesic...

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of the highly heterogeneous secretory protein family lipocalins and increases in its levels can contribute to neurodegeneration adult brain. However, there are no reports on role LCN2 Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we report for first time that expression increased substantia nigra (SN) patients with PD. In mouse brains, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment neurotoxin model PD significantly upregulated expression, mainly reactive...

Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) is a pattern-recognition that mediates antibacterial actions and innate immune responses. Its expression role in neuroinflammatory conditions remain unclear. We observed the upregulation of PGLYRP1 inflamed human mouse spinal cord brain, with microglia being primary cellular source. Experiments using recombinant show potentiates reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, consequent behavioral changes multiple animal models neuroinflammation....

Reactive astrocytes are associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in diverse neuropathologies; however, the underlying mechanisms unclear. We used optogenetic chemogenetic tools to identify crucial roles of hippocampal CA1 decline. Our results showed that repeated stimulation induced impairment mice decreased synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), which was accompanied by appearance inflammatory astrocytes. Mechanistic studies conducted using knockout animal models neuronal...

Abstract Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the primary of urokinase plasminogen activators (uPA) and tissue (tPA), which mediate fibrinolysis. PAI-1 also involved in innate immunity by regulating cell migration phagocytosis. However, little known about role central nervous system. Methods In this study, we identified culture medium mouse mixed glial cells liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Secretion from cultures was detected ELISA western blotting...

Abstract Hypothalamic inflammation plays an important role in disrupting feeding behavior and energy homeostasis as well the pathogenesis of obesity diabetes. Here, we show that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)-2 a hypothalamic its sequelae mouse models Cell type-specific genetic ablation pharmacological inhibition PDK2 astrocytes suggest are involved diabetic phenotype. We also PDK2-lactic acid axis regulatory observed metabolic imbalance primary astrocyte organotypic cultures, through...

Background: Masseteric hypertrophy is recognized as an asymptomatic enlargement of one or both masseter muscles. Botulinum toxin type A injection into the muscle can be alternatively used a noninvasive treatment for masseteric hypertrophy. The aim this study was to evaluate effects two different quantities botulinum on thickness and cross-sectional area electromyographic changes in using computed tomography measurement. Methods: Thirty-two Korean subjects were enrolled study. Twenty-five...

mostly liquefied CSDH.Conversely, craniotomy is generally accepted as the optimal approach for reaccumulation of a CSDH, existence solid hematoma, failure brain reexpansion, or marked swelling subjacent to hematoma 5,14) .The purpose this study was analyze efficacy small large with membranectomy initial treatment CSDH. MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective performed using medical records retained by our hospital.computed tomography (CT) scans were primary imaging method evaluation CSDH in all...

Abstract Although ATP and/or adenosine derived from astrocytes are known to regulate sleep, the precise mechanisms underlying somnogenic effects of and remain unclear. We selectively expressed channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2), a light‐sensitive ion channel, in within ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), which is an essential brain involved sleep promotion. then examined photostimulation astrocytic ChR2 on neuronal excitability using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings two functionally distinct...

Abstract Background Therapeutic hypothermia is one of the neuroprotective strategies that improve neurological outcomes after brain damage in ischemic stroke and traumatic injury. Microglial cells become activated following injury play an important role neuroinflammation subsequent damage. The aim this study was to determine time-dependent effects on microglial cell activation migration, which are accompanied by neuroinflammation. Methods culture were subjected mild (33 °C) or moderate (29...

During the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), renal lactate metabolism is rewired. The relationship between alterations in and fibrosis patients with diabetes has only been partially established due to a lack biopsy tissues from DKD intricate mechanism homeostasis. role dehydrogenase A (LDHA)-mediated generation dysfunction human animal models was explored this study. Measures (urinary levels LDHA expression) measures (estimated glomerular filtration rate Wilms' tumor-1 were...

Abstract Engineered G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are commonly used in chemogenetics as designer exclusively activated by drugs (DREADDs). Although several GPCRs have been studied astrocytes using a chemogenetic approach, the functional role of astrocytic i pathway is not clear, literature conflicting depending on brain regions or behaviors investigated. In this study, we evaluated neuroinflammation ‐coupled DREADD (hM4Di). ‐DREADD was expressed hippocampal lipopolysaccharide...

Sleep deprivation (SD) can influence cognition, memory, and sleep/wake homeostasis cause impairments in many physiological processes. Because the homeostatic control of cycle is closely associated with hypothalamus, current study was undertaken to examine proteomic changes occurring hypothalamic astrocytes following chronic partial SD. After SD for 7 days, were prepared from rat hypothalamus using a Percoll gradient method, their proteome profiles determined by LC–MS/MS. Comparisons revealed...

Although ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus is regarded as a center for sleep promotion, the exact mechanisms underlying regulation are unknown. Here, we used optogenetic tools to identify key roles of VLPO astrocytes in promotion. Optogenetic stimulation increased duration active phase naturally sleep-waking adult male rats ( n = 6); it also extracellular ATP concentration 3) and c-Fos expression 3–4) neurons within VLPO. In vivo microdialysis analyses revealed an increase activity...

Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a ubiquitously expressed DNA/RNA-binding linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). TDP-43 has been implicated in numerous aspects of the mRNA life cycle, as well cell toxicity neuroinflammation. In this study, we used expression Saccharomyces cerevisiae an assay identify genetic interactions. Specifically, transformed human cDNAs wild-type or disease-associated mutants (M337V Q331K) en masse into...

Transgenic mice are a useful tool for exploring various aspects of gene function. A key element this approach is the targeted overexpression specific genes in cells or tissues. Herein, we report first time, generation and characterization conditional transgenic (cTg) lipocalin-2 (LCN2) expression. We generated R26-LCN2-transgenic (LCN2-cTg) that carried loxP-flanked STOP (neo) cassette, Lcn2 cDNA, GFP sequence. When bred with Tg expressing Cre recombinase under control tissues cell-specific...

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by formation of blisters following minor trauma.It has been traditionally categorized the level basement membrane zone separation into EB simplex (EBS), junctional (JEB), and dystrophic (DEB).Recently, hemidesmosomal proposed as fourth category, which includes with muscular dystrophy pyloric atresia.We report here on case concomitant occurrence atresia, form EB. (Ann Dermatol 23(S1) S41∼S44, 2011) -

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulatory factors in inflammatory signaling pathways. Although PTPs have been extensively studied, little is known about their role neuroinflammation. In the present study, we examined expression of 6 different (PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, MEG2, LYP, and RPTPβ) glial activation All were expressed brain glia. The PTP1B, LYP was enhanced inflamed brain. increased after treating microglia cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To examine microglial...