Abstract We have isolated phytochrome B (phyB) and phyC mutants from rice (Oryza sativa) produced all combinations of double mutants. Seedlings phyB exhibited a partial loss sensitivity to continuous red light (Rc) but still showed significant deetiolation responses. The responses Rc were completely canceled in phyA These results indicate that act highly redundant manner control under Rc. Under far-red (FRc), partially impaired deetiolation, no residual responses, indicating not only also is...

Abstract Light stress and salt are major environmental factors that limit the efficiency of photosynthesis. However, we have found effects light on photosystem II (PSII) in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 completely different. Strong induced photodamage to PSII, whereas inhibited repair photodamaged PSII did not accelerate damage directly. The combination appeared inactivate very rapidly as a consequence their synergistic effects. Radioactive labeling cells revealed synthesis...

A short exposure to light in the middle of night causes inhibition flowering short-day plants. This phenomenon is called break (NB) and has been used extensively as a tool study photoperiodic control for many years. However, at molecular level, very little known about this phenomenon. In rice (Oryza sativa), 10 min 14-h caused clear delay flowering. single NB strongly suppressed mRNA Hd3a, homolog Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), whereas mRNAs OsGI Hd1 were not affected. The...

Phytochromes are believed to be solely responsible for red and far-red light perception, but this has never been definitively tested. To directly address hypothesis, a phytochrome triple mutant (phyAphyBphyC) was generated in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) its responses were monitored. Since only three genes (PHYA, PHYB PHYC), is completely lacking any phytochrome. Rice seedlings grown the dark develop long coleoptiles while undergoing regular circumnutation. The mutants also show...

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is the key enzyme committed to anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. DFR proteins can catalyse mainly three substrates (dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, dihydromyricetin), show different substrate preferences. Although relationships between preference amino acids region responsible for specificity have been investigated several plant species, molecular basis of not yet fully understood.By using degenerate...

N2O is an important greenhouse gas influencing global warming, and agricultural land the predominant (anthropogenic) source of emissions. Here, we report high N2O-reducing activity Bradyrhizobium ottawaense, suggesting potential for efficiently mitigating emission from lands. Among 15 B. ottawaense isolates examined, activities most (13) strains were approximately five-fold higher than that diazoefficiens USDA110T under anaerobic conditions. This robust was confirmed by reductase (NosZ)...

In contrast to a wealth of knowledge about the photoregulation gibberellin metabolism in dicots, that monocots remains largely unclear. this study, we found blue light signal triggers reduction active content rice seedlings with simultaneous repression two 20-oxidase genes (OsGA20ox2 and OsGA20ox4) acute induction four 2-oxidase (OsGA2ox4–OsGA2ox7). For further examination regulation these genes, established series cryptochrome-deficient lines through reverse genetic screening from Tos17...

Accurate regulation of chlorophyll synthesis is crucial for chloroplast formation during the greening process in angiosperms. In this study, we examined role phytochrome B (phyB) rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) through characterization a pale-green phenotype observed phyB mutant grown under continuous red light (Rc) irradiation. Our results show that Rc-induced accumulation can be divided into two components—a phyB-dependent and phyB-independent component, caused by absence component. To...

Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with rhizobia and form root nodules in which the fix atmospheric nitrogen. The host plant intracellular strictly control this symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We recently reported a Lotus japonicus Fix − mutant, apn1 ( aspartic peptidase nodule-induced 1 ), that impairs APN1 encodes nodule-specific involved phenotype rhizobial strain-specific manner. This host-strain specificity implies some molecular interactions between factors are...

In rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings, continuous white-light irradiation inhibited the growth of seminal roots but promoted crown roots. this study, we examined mechanisms photoinhibition root growth. Photoinhibition occurred in absence nitrogen increased with increasing concentrations. presence nitrogen, was correlated coiling tips. The were most photosensitive 48-72 h after germination during 7-day period germination. White-light for at least 6 required photoinhibition, and Bunsen-Roscoe law...

Nuclear import of proteins that contain classical nuclear localization signals (NLS) is initiated by importin α, a protein recognizes and binds to the NLS in cytoplasm. In this paper, we have cloned cDNA for novel α homologue from rice which addition our previously isolated α1a α2, named it α1b. vitro binding assays using recombinant α1b demonstrate functions as component NLS-receptor plant cells. Analysis transcript levels all three genes revealed were not only differentially expressed but...

The enzyme involved in the processing of D1 precursor protein was solubilized from spinach thylakoids by Triton X‐100 treatment and then partially purified presence detergent Sephadex G‐75 gel‐filtration chromatography. apparent molecular mass estimated via this procedure to be about 34 kDa. translated extracted chloroplast RNA a wheat germ cell‐free system used here as substrate measurements activity.

Phytochrome has been shown to be the major photoreceptor involved in photo-inhibition of coleoptile growth Japonica-type rice (Oryza sativa L.). We have characterized this typical photomorphogenetic response using mutants deficient phytochrome A (phyA) and B (phyB) with respect age-dependency action spectra. Seedlings were irradiated a pulse light 40 h or 80 after germination (i.e. at an early late developmental stage) final length these seedlings was determined. saturating red (R) had...

Abstract Some cultivars of lettuce accumulate anthocyanins, which act as functional food ingredients. Leaf has been known to be erratic in exhibiting red color when grown under artificial light, and there is a need for that more stably exhibit light cultivation. In this study, we aimed dissect the genetic architecture coloring various leaf light. We investigated genotype Red Lettuce ( RLL ) genes 133 strains, some were obtained from publicly available resequencing data. By studying allelic...

CtpA, which is classified as a novel type of serine protease with Ser/Lys catalytic dyad, responsible for the C-terminal processing precursor D1 protein (pD1) photosystem II reaction center, process that indispensable integration water-splitting machinery in photosynthesis. In this study, overexpression Escherichia coli and one-step purification spinach CtpA were carried out to analyze characteristics new elucidate molecular interactions pD1 on thylakoid membrane. The successful accumulation...

The D1 protein of photosystem II is synthesized in precursor with a carboxyl‐terminal extension. Interestingly, there quite range chain length the extension, which roughly depends upon class organisms. In cyanobacteria, e.g. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, extension consists 16 amino acid residues, seven residues longer than its counterpart higher plants. this study, we examined processing PCC6803 by pulse‐chase experiments and detected proteolytic intermediate process. This finding suggests that...

Abstract Elucidating the mechanisms and pathways involved in genotype–environment (G×E) interactions phenotypic plasticity is critical for improving plant growth. Controlled environment agricultural systems allow growers to modulate particular genotypes. In this study, we evaluated effects of among 14 genotypes four artificial light environments on leaf lettuce phenotypes dissected underlying molecular mechanism via transcriptome‐based modeling. Variations morphological traits phytochemical...

The enzyme involved in the carboxyl-terminal processing of D1 precursor protein (pD1) photosystem II reaction center was purified from extracts sonicated spinach thylakoids by a method that included chromatography on quaternary aminoethyl anion-exchange, hydroxylapatite, copper-chelating affinity and gel-filtration columns. identified, its chromatographic behavior, to be monomeric about 45 kDa. sequence amino-terminal 27 amino acids this determined directly, which exhibited low but...

The synthesis of the D1 subunit reaction center photosystem II is light-dependent in isolated chloroplasts. mechanism regulation by light was analyzed using spinach light-regulated protein prevented addition atrazine and dependence on concentration inhibition practically identical with that photosynthetic electron transport II, as measured photoreduction 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. Inhibitors phosphorylation, such phloridzin, nigericin carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, also...

CtpA, a carboxyl-terminal processing protease, is member of novel family endoproteases that includes tail-specific protease from <i>Escherichia coli</i>. In oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, CtpA catalyzes C-terminal the D1 protein photosystem II, an essential event for assembly manganese cluster and consequent light-mediated water oxidation. We introduced site-specific mutations at 14 conserved residues in cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. PCC 6803 to examine their functional roles....

To maximize crop growth, crops need to capture sunlight efficiently. This property is primarily influenced by the shape of such as angle, area, and arrangement leaves. We constructed a rice ( Oryza sativa L.) inbred line that displayed an ideal transition plant shapes in terms receiving efficiency. During vegetative this exhibited tiller spreading with increased number, which formed parabolic antenna-like structure. The architecture probably improved light reception efficiency individuals...

Synthetic oligopeptides of different chain lengths 11 to 38 amino acids, corresponding the carboxyl‐terminal sequence D1 precursor protein photosystem II reaction center, were subjected a proteolytic cleavage by processing enzyme isolated from spinach, in order analyze recognition signal. Practically same K m and V max values obtained for consisting more than 19 acids; decrease affinity, without affecting value, was observed peptide 16 no detectable activity found with acids. When Asp‐342...