Through a comparative case study, Sheridan and colleagues explore how makerspaces may function as learning environments. Drawing on field observations, interviews, analysis of artifacts, videos, other documents, the authors describe features three participants learn develop through complex design making practices. They help individuals identify problems, build models, apply skills, revise ideas, share new knowledge with others. The conclude discussion implications their findings for this...

Abstract In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), T cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) and induce inflammation. These CD4 + secrete interferon (IFN)‐γ, levels of which correlate with disease severity, is proposed to play a key role in induction. Many strains mice are resistant EAE. We have studied effect deletion IFN‐γ on ability EAE BALB/c‐backcrossed mice. As expected, only 0–6 % BALB/c or developed when immunized myelin basic protein adjuvant. Strikingly,...

Innate responses in the CNS are critical to first line defense against infection and injury. Leukocytes migrate inflammatory sites response chemokines. We studied leukocyte migration glial chemokine expression within denervated hippocampus axonal injury caused by entorhinodentate lesions. A population of Mac1/CD11b+ CD45high macrophages (distinct from CD45low microglia) was specifically detected lesion-reactive 12 hr after Significant infiltration CD3+ T cells did not occur until 24 axotomy....

Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system that contribute to homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Although known play an important role in brain development, their exact function has not been fully described. Here, we show contrast healthy adult inflammation-activated cells, neonatal microglia a unique myelinogenic neurogenic phenotype. A CD11c+ microglial subset predominates primary myelinating areas developing expresses genes for neuronal glial survival, migration,...

The inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha have been demonstrated in various autoimmune diseases, are thought to participate the induction pathogenesis of disease. TFN-alpha is a cytopathic cytokine that cytotoxic for oligodendrocytes vitro has implicated pathology multiple sclerosis its animal model experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). We used reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR study kinetics, cellular source, regulation gene expression central nervous system (CNS) SJL/J mice...

Abstract Organ-specific autoimmune diseases are characterized by infiltrates, including T lymphocytes and activated macrophages. Macrophages secondarily tissue resident counterparts can both present Ag to contribute cytokine secretion lymphocytes. We have previously shown a crucial role of peripheral macrophages in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), Th1-mediated demyelinating disease that serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), their depletion using mannosylated...

Abstract Dynamic interplay between cytokines and chemokines directs trafficking of leukocyte subpopulations to tissues in autoimmune inflammation. We have examined the role IFN-γ directing chemokine production infiltration CNS experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE). BALB/c C57BL/6 mice are resistant induction EAE by immunization with myelin basic protein. However, IFN-γ-deficient (BALB/c) IFN-γR-deficient (C57BL/6) developed rapidly progressing lethal disease. Widespread demyelination...

Activated glial cells are implicated in regulating and effecting the immune response that occurs within CNS as part of multiple sclerosis (MS) its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is expressed cells. We examined utility using vitro vivo ligand binding to PBR a measure lesion activity demyelinating diseases. Applying combined autoradiography immunohistochemical approach spinal cord brain tissues from mice with EAE, we...

Reactive gliosis is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease in the CNS, yet stimuli that drive this response are not known. There growing appreciation signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which key to generating innate responses infection, may have pathogen-independent roles. We show TLR2 was selectively upregulated by microglia denervated zones hippocampus stereotactic transection axons entorhinal cortex. In mice lacking TLR2, there were transient,...

The generation of new neurons and glia from a precursor stem cell appears to take place in the adult brain. However, generated dentate gyrus decline sharply with age an even greater extent neurodegenerative diseases. Here we raise question whether peripheral immune mechanisms can generate immunity such deficits neuronal repair. We demonstrate that contrast primarily innate cytokines, as interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha, adaptive cytokine IFN-gamma enhances neurogenesis mice improves...

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are highly prevalent neurotropic viruses. While they can replicate lytically in cells of the epithelial lineage, causing lesions on mucocutaneous surfaces, HSVs also establish latent infections neurons, which act as reservoirs virus for subsequent reactivation events. Immunological control HSV involves activation innate immune pattern-recognition receptors such TLR3, detects double-stranded RNA and induces type I IFN expression. Humans with defects TLR3/IFN...

Remyelination of lesions in the central nervous system contributes to neural repair following clinical relapses multiple sclerosis. is initiated by recruitment and differentiation oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Simvastatin, a blood-brain barrier-permeable statin sclerosis trials, has been shown impact vitro processes that have implicated remyelination. Animals were fed cuprizone-supplemented diet for 6 weeks induce localized demyelination corpus...

Tissue-resident antigen-presenting cells (APC) exert a major influence on the local immune environment. Microglia are resident myeloid in central nervous system (CNS), deriving from early post-embryonic precursors, distinct adult hematopoietic lineages. Dendritic (DC) and macrophages infiltrate CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). not considered to be as effective APC DC or macrophages. In this work we compared antigen presenting capacity of CD11c+ CD11c− microglia...

Abstract Within the central nervous system, astrocytes and microglia are primary responders to endogenous ligands released upon injury stress, as well infectious pathogens. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) implicated in recognition of both types stimulus. Whether respond strongly TLR agonists remains contentious. In this study, we have rigorously purified determine their capacity for autonomous response, absence microglia. We used flow cytometry differential adhesion a myeloid lineage‐specific...

Autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells are believed to mediate the pathology of multiple sclerosis in central nervous system (CNS). Their interaction with microglia astrocytes CNS is crucial for regulation neuroinflammation. Previously, we have shown that only but not effectors activate microglia. However, it clear which targets CNS.To understand effects driven by CNS, induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis wild-type mice CD4+ T cell-specific integrin α4-deficient where trafficking into...

Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α is a chemokine that associated with Th1 cytokine responses. Expression and antibody blocking studies have implicated MIP-1α in multiple sclerosis (MS) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We examined the role of its CCR5 receptor induction EAE by immunizing C57BL / 6 mice deficient either or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). found MIP-1α-deficient were fully susceptible to MOG-induced EAE. These knockout animals indistinguishable...

The relevance of astrogliosis remains controversial, especially with respect to the beneficial or detrimental influence reactive astrocytes on CNS recovery. This dichotomy can be resolved if mediators are identified. We have measured levels transcripts encoding inflammatory cytokines in injury systems which presence absence could produced selectively. A stab adult mouse brain using a piece nitrocellulose (NC) membrane elicited prompt and marked increase for interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, tumor...

Vaccination against amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been shown to be successful in reducing Aβ burden and neurotoxicity mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, although immunization did not show T cell infiltrates the brain these mice, an vaccination trial resulted meningoencephalitis 6% patients with AD. Here, we explore characteristics specificity Aβ-induced, cell-mediated encephalitis a model disease. We demonstrate that strong Aβ-specific response is critically dependent on...