Significance Bacterial pathogens can use a syringe-like structure to inject virulence proteins (effectors) directly into host cells. The YopJ/HopZ superfamily of effectors found in animal and plant modify kinase suppress immunity. In the model Arabidopsis , HopZ1a is recognized by resistance protein ZAR1 induce robust immune response that blocks pathogen growth. Here, we show effector from Pseudomonas syringae targets nonfunctional pseudokinase ZED1 required for recognition ZAR1. We...

Plants depend on innate immunity to prevent disease. Plant pathogenic bacteria, like Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, use the type III secretion system as a molecular syringe inject secreted effector (T3SE) proteins in plants. The primary function of most T3SEs is suppress immunity; however, plant can evolve nucleotide-binding domain-leucine-rich repeat domain-containing recognize specific T3SEs. AtZAR1 NLR induces strong defense responses against P. X. campestris T3SE HopZ1a...

Pseudomonas syringae employs a type III secretion system to inject 20–30 different effector (T3SE) proteins into plant host cells. A major role of T3SEs is suppress immune responses and promote bacterial infection. The YopJ/HopZ acetyltransferases are superfamily found in both animal pathogenic bacteria. In P. syringae, this includes the evolutionarily diverse HopZ1, HopZ2 HopZ3 alleles. To investigate roles HopZ family immunomodulation, we generated dexamethasone-inducible T3SE transgenic...

Abstract The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) is a bacterial pathogen recognition hub that mediates resistance by guarding host kinases for modification effectors. pseudokinase HOPZ-ETI DEFICIENT (ZED1) the only known ZAR1-guarded protein interacts directly with effector, HopZ1a, from Pseudomonas syringae, making it promising system rational design of effector plant immunity. Here, we conducted an in-depth molecular analysis ZED1. We generated...

Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster larval photosensory organ that mediates the response to light consists of bilaterally symmetrical clusters 12 photoreceptors. These are distinguished on basis expression rhodopsins Rh5 and Rh6. Rh6‐expressing cells correspond Hofbauer‐Buchner (H‐B) eyelet found later in posterior margin adult compound eye recently shown function as an input pathway entrainment circadian rhythmicity . In addition, axons photoreceptors intimate association with a subset...

Bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae has historically been controlled the Pto/Prf gene cluster. Emerging strains like P. pv. tomato race 1 overcome resistance conferred Pto/Prf, and can cause serious crop loss under appropriate environmental conditions. We developed a rapid assay to screen wild seedlings for 1. established seedling using well-characterized 0 strain, DC3000, which is recognized in cultivars carrying (PtoR) causes disease isogenic lines lacking this cluster (PtoS)....

Pathogens secrete effector proteins into host cells to suppress immunity and promote pathogen virulence, although many features at the molecular interface of host-pathogen interactions remain be characterized. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a interacts with Arabidopsis transcriptional regulator Abscisic Acid Repressor 1 (ABR1). Further analysis revealed ABR1 multiple P. effectors, suggesting it may targeted as susceptibility hub. Indeed, loss-of-function...

Abstract We have determined by reverse Southern analysis and direct sequence comparisons that most of the dumpy gene has evolved in dipteran other insect orders purifying selection acting on amino acid replacements. One region, however, is evolving rapidly due to unequal crossing over and/or conversion. This called “PIGSFEAST,” or PF, encodes D. melanogaster 30–47 repeats 102 acids rich serines, threonines, prolines. show processes concerted evolution been operating all species Drosophila...

Pseudomonas syringae is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes disease on more than 100 different plant species, including the model Arabidopsis thaliana. Dissection of thaliana-Pseudomonas pathosystem has identified many factors contribute to successful infection or immunity, genetics host, pathogen, and environment. Environmental interaction can include temperature, light, circadian clock, as well soil As silicon-amended Resilience advertised enhance health, we sought examine...

Abstract The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ‐ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) recognises the activity of diverse pathogen effector proteins by monitoring ZED1‐related kinase (ZRK) family. Understanding how ZAR1 achieves interaction specificity for ZRKs may allow expansion ZAR1‐kinase recognition repertoire to achieve novel outside model species. We took advantage natural diversity Arabidopsis thaliana kinases probe interface and found that A. (AtZAR1) can interact with most...

Abstract Pathogen pressure on hosts can lead to the evolution of genes regulating innate immune response. By characterizing naturally occurring polymorphisms in receptors, we better understand molecular determinants pathogen recognition. ZAR1 is an ancient Arabidopsis thaliana NLR (Nucleotide‐binding [NB] Leucine‐rich‐repeat [LRR] Receptor) that recognizes multiple secreted effector proteins from pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris through its interaction with...

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato ( Pst ) is the causal agent of bacterial speck disease in tomatoes. The Pto/Prf gene cluster from Solanum pimpinellifolium was introgressed into several modern cultivars and provided protection against race 0 strains for many decades. However, virulent 1 that evade Pto -mediated immunity now predominate tomato-growing regions worldwide. Here we report identification resistance to a strain 19) wild accession S. LA1589 (hereafter LA1589), using our rapid...

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. The tomato-P. syringae pv. tomato pathosystem widely used to dissect the genetic basis of plant innate responses and disease resistance. While was successfully managed for many decades through introduction Pto/Prf gene cluster from Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, race 1 strains P. have evolved overcome resistance conferred...

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. The tomato-P. syringae pv. tomato pathosystem widely used to dissect the genetic basis of plant innate responses and disease resistance. While was successfully managed for many decades through introduction Pto/Prf gene cluster from Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, race 1 strains P. have evolved overcome resistance conferred...