Abstract Dormancy allows wild barley grains to survive dry summers in the Near East. After domestication, was selected for shorter dormancy periods. Here we isolate major seed gene qsd1 from barley, which encodes an alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT). The is expressed specifically embryo. AlaAT isoenzymes encoded by long and short alleles differ a single amino acid residue. reduced allele Qsd1 evolved barleys that were first domesticated southern Levant had can be traced back barleys. mutation...

Cell walls are crucial for the integrity and function of all land plants central importance in human health, livestock production, as a source renewable bioenergy. Many enzymes that mediate biosynthesis cell wall polysaccharides encoded by members large cellulose synthase (CesA) gene superfamily. Here, we analyzed 29 sequenced genomes 17 transcriptomes to revise phylogeny CesA superfamily angiosperms. Our results identify ancestral clusters predate monocot-eudicot divergence reveal several...

Phylogenetic analyses of cellulose synthase (CesA) and synthase-like (Csl) families from the gene superfamily were used to reconstruct their evolutionary origins selection histories. Counterintuitively, genes encoding primary cell wall CesAs have undergone extensive expansion diversification following an ancestral duplication a secondary wall-associated CesA. Selection pressure across entire CesA Csl clades appears be low, but this conceals considerable variation within individual clades....

An important component of barley cell walls, particularly in the endosperm, is (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a polymer that has proven health benefits humans and influences processability brewing industry. Genes cellulose synthase-like (Csl) F gene family have been shown to be involved (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis but many aspects biosynthesis are still unclear. Examination sequence assembly genome revealed presence an additional three HvCslF genes (HvCslF11, HvCslF12 HvCslF13) which may synthesis....

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have many health benefits, including immunomodulatory activity, lowering serum cholesterol, a faecal bulking effect, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and the amelioration type II diabetes. The principal components NSP in cereal grains are (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans arabinoxylans. Although (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (hereafter called β-glucan) is not most representative component wheat cell walls, it one important types soluble fibre terms its...

In barley endosperm arabinoxylan (AX) is the second most abundant cell wall polysaccharide and in wheat it starchy walls of grain. AX one main contributors to grain dietary fibre content providing several health benefits including cholesterol glucose lowering effects, antioxidant activities. Due its complex structural features, might also affect downstream applications malting brewing. Using a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method we quantified amounts mature 128 spring 2-row...

Abstract In cereals, the presence of soluble polysaccharides including (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan has downstream implications for human health, animal feed and biofuel applications. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a versatile crop, but there are limited reports regarding content such polysaccharides. Here, amount present in sorghum tissues was measured using Megazyme assay. Very low amounts were grain, ranging from 0.16%–0.27% (w/w), while greater quantity vegetative at 0.12–1.71% (w/w). The fine...

Cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) genes encode polysaccharide synthases responsible for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis in cereal grains. However, it is not clear how both (1,3)- and (1,4)-linkages are incorporated into a single chain the frequency arrangement of two linkage types that define fine structure controlled. Through transient expression Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, CSLF6 orthologs from different species were shown to mediate synthesis (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans with very structures....

As a significant component of monocot cell walls, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan has conclusively been shown to be synthesized by the cellulose synthase-like F6 protein. In this study, we investigated synthetic activity other members barley (Hordeum vulgare) CslF gene family using heterologous expression. expected, majority genes encode proteins that are capable synthesizing detectable levels (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan. However, overexpression HvCslF3 and HvCslF10 resulted in synthesis novel linear glucoxylan...

MADS-box genes have a wide range of functions in plant reproductive development and grain production. The ABCDE model floral organ shows that are central players these events dicotyledonous plants but the applicability this remains largely unknown many grass crops. Here, we show transcript analysis all MIKCc through barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) inflorescence reveals co-expression groups can be linked to developmental events. Thirty-four were identified genome single-nucleotide polymorphism...

Abstract BACKGROUND 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and other auxinic herbicides are important for weed control in cropping systems globally. Weeds with resistance to 2,4‐D have evolved, including several populations of Sonchus oleraceus from multiple sites Australia. We report the underlying mechanism these that gives rise herbicide resistance. RESULTS studied a total three susceptible eight resistant populations. All had deletion amino acids flanking degron sequence an Aux/IAA gene,...

Heteroxylan has recently been identified as an important component of papillae, which are formed during powdery mildew infection barley leaves. Deposition heteroxylan near the sites attempted fungal penetration in epidermal cell wall is believed to enhance physical resistance peg and hence improve pre-invasion resistance. Several glycosyltransferase (GT) families implicated assembly plant wall, likely work together a multi-enzyme complex. Members key GT reported be involved biosynthesis...

The cellulose synthase-like gene HvCslF6, which is essential for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis in barley, collocates with quantitative trait loci (QTL) grain concentration several populations, including CDC Bold × TR251. Here, an alanine-to-threonine substitution (caused by the only non-synonymous difference between and TR251 HvCslF6 alleles) was mapped to a position within HvCSLF6 that seems unlikely affect enzyme stability or function. Consistent this, transient expression of full-length...

SUMMARY We report on the homo‐ and hetero‐transglycosylation activities of HvXET3 HvXET4 xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) from barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), visualisation these in young roots using Alexa Fluor 488‐labelled oligosaccharides. discover that isozymes catalyse transglycosylation reactions with chemically defined donor acceptor substrates, specifically penta‐galacturonide [α(1‐4)GalA p ] 5 – homogalacturonan (pectin) fragment. This activity is supported by...

Processive and distributive catalysis defines the conversion continuum, thus underpinning transformation of oligo- polymeric substrates by enzymes. Distributive follows an association–transformation–dissociation pattern during formation enzyme–reactant complexes, whereas processive catalysis, enzymes partner with complete multiple catalytic events before dissociation from enzyme–substrate complex. Here, we focus on in glycoside hydrolases (GHs), which ensures efficient conversions high...

Setaria viridis has emerged as a model species for the larger C4 grasses. Here cellulose synthase (CesA) superfamily been defined, with an emphasis on amounts and distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, cell wall polysaccharide that is characteristic grasses considerable value human health. Orthologous relationship CesA Poales-specific synthase-like (Csl) genes among italica (Si), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Oryza sativa (Os), Brachypodium distachyon (Bradi) Hordeum vulgare (Hv) were compared using...

As an obligate biotroph,

Abstract Dermal phototaxis has been reported in a few aquatic vertebrate lineages spanning fish, amphibians and reptiles. These taxa respond to light on the skin of their elongate hind‐bodies tails by withdrawing under cover avoid detection predators. Here, we investigated tail sea snakes (Hydrophiinae), only reptiles exhibit this sensory behaviour. We conducted behavioural tests 17 wild‐caught eight species illuminating dorsal surface midbody using cold white, violet, blue, green red light....

Abstract Plantago ovata is cultivated for production of its seed husk (psyllium). When wet, the transforms into a mucilage with properties suitable pharmaceutical industries, utilised in supplements controlling blood cholesterol levels, and food industries making gluten-free products. There has been limited success improving quantity quality through breeding approaches, partly due to lack reference genome. Here we constructed first chromosome-scale assembly P. using combination 5.98 million...

Infection of barley with the powdery mildew causal agent,

SUMMARY The barley cellulose synthase‐like F ( CslF ) genes encode putative cell wall polysaccharide synthases. They are related to the synthase CesA involved in biosynthesis, and CslD that influence root hair development. Although implicated callose, mannan found both monocots eudicots, specific Poaceae. Recently CslF3 HvCslF3 gene was shown be synthesis of a novel (1,4)‐β‐linked glucoxylan, but it remains unclear whether this contributes plant growth Here, expression profiling using...

GOSLING is a web-based protein function annotator that uses decision tree-derived rule set to quickly predict Gene Ontology terms for protein. A score assigned each term prediction indicative of the accuracy prediction. Due its speed and ideally suited high-throughput annotation tasks.https://www.sapac.edu.au/gosling