The malaria parasite experiences a significant amount of redox stress during its growth in human erythrocytes and heavily relies on secretory functions for pathogenesis. Most certainly, the is equipped with machinery to tackle perturbations pathway, like unfolded protein response pathway higher eukaryotes. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed complete absence genes involved canonical Plasmodium falciparum. Accordingly, was unable up-regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones or...

Protein quality control pathways play important roles in resistance against pathogen infection. For example, the conserved transcription factor SKN-1/NRF up-regulates proteostasis capacity after blockade of proteasome and also promotes bacterial infection nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . has 3 isoforms, SKN-1A/NRF1 isoform, particular, regulates proteasomal gene expression upon dysfunction as part a bounce-back response. We report here that, contrast to previously reported role SKN-1...

Cell surface structures termed knobs are one of the most important pathogenesis related protein complexes deployed by malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at infected erythrocyte. Despite their relevance to disease, structure, mechanisms traffic and process assembly remain poorly understood. In this study, we have explored possible role a parasite-encoded Hsp40 class chaperone, namely PFB0090c/PF3D7_0201800 (KAHsp40) in trafficking We found gene coding for PF3D7_0201800 be located...

Host cell remodelling is a hallmark of malaria pathogenesis. It involves protein folding, unfolding and trafficking events thus participation chaperones such as Hsp70s Hsp40s well speculated. Until recently, only were thought to be the sole representative parasite in exportome. However, based on re-annotated Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence, putative candidate for exported Hsp70 has been reported, which otherwise was known pseudogene. We raised specific antiserum against C-terminal...

Regulation of immunity throughout an organism is critical for host defense. Previous studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have described "ON/OFF" immune switch comprised antagonistic paralogs PALS-25 and PALS-22, which regulate resistance against intestinal epidermal pathogens. Here, we identify characterize a gain-of-function mutant protein with premature stop (Q293*), find freed from physical repression by its negative regulator, PALS-22 protein. PALS-25(Q293*) activates two...

Understanding how animals detect and respond to pathogen threats is central dissecting mechanisms of host immunity. The oomycetes represent a diverse eukaryotic group infecting various hosts from nematodes humans. We have previously shown that Caenorhabditis elegans mounts defense response consisting the induction chitinase-like (chil) genes in epidermis combat infection by its natural oomycete Myzocytiopsis humicola. provide here evidence C. can sense detecting an innocuous extract derived...

The factors influencing the encapsulation of azathioprine (AZA) into liposomes were investigated to find out conditions for its optimal entrapment. Similar studies comparison also carried on 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), which AZA is a prodrug. and 6-MP show higher efficiencies in MLVs as compared LUVs. Variation phospholipid composition does not seem affect loading capacity either two drugs. efficiency both drugs improves upon addition cholesterol bilayer, but effect seen only up 30%...

Oomycetes were recently discovered as natural pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans, and pathogen recognition alone was shown to be sufficient activate a protective transcriptional program characterized by the expression multiple chitinase-like (chil) genes. However, molecular mechanisms underlying oomycete in animals remain fully unknown. We performed here forward genetic screen uncover regulators chil gene induction found several independent loss-of-function alleles old-1 flor-1, which...

Purpose The cell membrane of the erythrocytes infected with malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum undergoes several changes during course life cycle and forms protrusions known as ‘knobs’ on its surface mature trophozoite schizont stages. structural organization knob components especially PfEMP1 iRBC is main determinant for cytoadhesive rosetting capacity by binding to various host receptors well variable antigenicity, which crucial immunoevasion. Although studies report individual...

Oomycetes are a group of eukaryotic organisms that includes many important pathogens animals and plants. Within this group, the Haptoglossa genus is characterised by presence specialised gun cells carrying harpoon-like infection apparatus. While several have been morphologically described, there currently no host systems developed to study process or responses in lab. In study, we report species potent natural Caenorhabditis nematodes. Using electron microscopy, characterise C. elegans...

Mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a nuclear encoded gene product that gets post-translationally translocated into the mitochondria. Using multiple approaches such as immunofluorescence experiments, isoelectric point analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometric identification of signal peptide, we show Hsp60 from Plasmodium falciparum (PfHsp60) accumulates in parasite cytoplasm during ring, trophozoite, schizont stages development before being...

Oomycetes: Plant and animal pathogens in a fungal disguiseThe oomycetes or "water moulds" are diverse eukaryotic microbes that found both aquatic terrestrial habitats.Based on their absorptive mode of nutrition, filamentous growth, formation spores for reproduction, it was initially thought they related to fungi, hence name meaning "egg fungus" Greek [1].However, molecular data placed within the Stramenopiles, so more closely brown algae diatoms rather than fungi [2].The lack septa hyphae...

Pistacia integerrima is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Anacardiacea. It commonly called as Crab’s claw in English and Shani/Shringi Hindi. a single-stemmed, dioecious tree widely distributed countries like Nepal, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, North-west West Himalayas. The has significant applications traditional systems of medications such Ayurveda, Unani Siddha. In addition, also used many folkloric cultures around world treat vast array human ailments...

We have previously shown that the Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) gene in G. lamblia is expressed from two ORFs localized 777 kb apart. The pre-mRNAs transcribed these are stitched by a trans-splicing mechanism. Here, we provide mechanistic details of this process reconstituting reaction using vitro synthesized pre-mRNA substrates. Using RT-PCR, northern blot and nanostring technology, demonstrate capability to self-splice absence nuclear proteins. Inhibition ssDNA oligo corresponding...

Lipophilicity parameters were determined for a series of 22 penicillins by the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). First, capacity factors each drug at different concentrations organic modifier (methanol) constant flow rate, using an octadecylsilane column. The then extrapolated to zero methanol concentration determine lipophilicity parameter, log kw. resultant kw values correlated previously reported and good relationships observed. Correlations also established...

Summary Innate immune responses can be initiated through the detection of pathogen or damage-associated molecular patterns by host receptors that are often present on surface cells. While certain invertebrates like Caenorhabditis elegans lack professional cells, they still respond to infection in a pathogen-specific manner. It has been debated for years whether homologues canonical recognition also functioning nematode. Here we show C-type lectin mediate species-specific divergent oomycetes...

The rates of degradation 16 different penicillins have been determined at 35°C in borate buffer, pH9.2, by use stability-indicating HPLC assay procedures. best-fit was sought between pseudo first-order hydrolytic rate constants and types structural descriptor. Constitutional, topological, geometric electrostatic descriptors were calculated using WHIM-3D/QSAR CODESSA software. Advanced semi-empirical ab-initio calculations performed AMPAC used to develop (multi)linear correlation models,...