The periderm plays a crucial role in trees, acting as barrier protecting internal tissues against biotic and abiotic stresses, thus having an impact on tree physiology, ecology, general performance. It consists of the meristematic phellogen, whose activity gives rise to suberized phellem (cork) cells outwardly parenchymatous phelloderm inwardly. Despite importance, intra-annual seasonal changes phellogen differentiation are poorly recognized. Therefore, we aimed compare development...

AtFtsH4 is one of four inner membrane-bound mitochondrial ATP-dependent metalloproteases in Arabidopsis thaliana, called AAA proteases, whose catalytic site exposed to the intermembrane space. In present study, we used a reverse-genetic approach investigate physiological role protease. We found that loss did not significantly affect growth under optimal conditions (long days); however, severe morphological and developmental abnormalities late rosette development occurred short-day...

Upregulation of the terpenoid pathway and increased ABA content in flax upon Fusarium infection leads to activation early plant's response (PR genes, cell wall remodeling, redox status). Plants have developed a number defense strategies against adverse effects fungi such as oxysporum. One is production antioxidant secondary metabolites, which fall into two main groups: phenylpropanoids terpenoids. While functions biosynthesis been extensively studied, very little known about genes...

Abstract The shoot apical meristem (SAM) ensures continuous plant growth and organogenesis. In LD 30 °C, plants lacking AtFTSH4, an ATP-dependent mitochondrial protease that counteracts accumulation of internal oxidative stress, exhibit a puzzling phenotype premature SAM termination. We aimed to elucidate the underlying cellular molecular processes link AtFTSH4 with arrest. studied expression, stress accumulation, morphology. Directly in we analysed H 2 O mitochondria behaviour, identity...

Regularity and periodicity in the arrangements of organs all groups land plants raise questions about mechanisms underlying phyllotactic pattern formation. The initiation lateral (leaves, flowers, etc.), thus, their spatio-temporal positioning, occurs shoot apical meristem (SAM) is related to structure organogenic activity meristem. In this review, we present some aspects diversity stability patterns major lineages plants, from bryophytes angiosperms, which SAM structures differ...

Abstract Eragrostis is a cosmopolitan genus of the family Poaceae . Several wild species, including E. pilosa (L.) Beauv., are harvested for food, but only cultivated crop-species tef [ (Zucc.) Trotter]. Despite its importance as staple food and plasticity to diverse environmental conditions, little known about structural physiological strategies that adapt seeds endure variable moisture regimes. Here, we report presence slime cells, type modified epidermal cell, covering fruit relative, The...

A comparative analysis of the main distinctive features Epipactis pseudopurpurata, according to protologue, and E. purpurata revealed that absence or disappearance, as well atrophy, a viscidium is typical characteristic young ramets can also result from its removal by pollinators other insect visitors. The gynostemium morphology similar in both species examined. minor differences shape are an indication developmental variability. numerous their gynostemia corresponds Mereďa's description...

Structural changes in apical meristems accompany morphological specialization and adaptation of vascular-plant sporophytes to changing environments. Analysis cell clones at the shoot meristem surface a representative basal vascular plants made it possible trace dynamics initial cells, which are recorded wall arrangements. The cellular pattern summit Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevisan is usually composed four forming tetrad apex center, their derivative clones. Our data show that cells...

In shoots of <em>Lycopodium microphyllous</em> phyllotaxis is extremely diverse. 24 various patterns were found in anisotomous <em>L. clavatum</em> and "only" 11 isotomous annotinum</em>. Spiral expressed by k:(k+1 ) parastichy numbers present together with typically whorled k:k patterns. both species k number was higher plagiotropic than orthotropic. It also the first phyllotactic spectrum wider many almost equally frequent, whereas narrow annotinum</em>...

Auxin, which is transported in the outermost cell layer, one of major players involved plant organ initiation and positioning at shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, recent studies have recognized role putative internal signals as an important factor collaborating with well-described superficial pathway organogenesis regulation. Different been proposed; however, their nature transport route not precisely determined. Therefore, this mini-review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge...

Phyllotaxis of globular or hemispheric cacti from <em>Mammillaria</em> genus and <em>Rebutia</em> group shows the significant differences between two groups. An extremely wide spectrum phyllotaxis with many infrequent patterns has been found in while <em>Mammilluria</em> it appears to be quite narrow main Fibonacci pattern dominant. Therefore one possible factors responsible for these might a genetic one. Ontogenetic transformations both continuous...

Shoot and root apical meristems (SAM RAM, respectively) are crucial to provide cells for growth organogenesis therefore need be maintained throughout the life of a plant. However, plants lacking mitochondrial protease AtFTSH4 exhibit an intriguing phenotype precocious cessation at both shoot apices when grown elevated temperatures. This is due accumulation internal oxidative stress progressive mitochondria dysfunction. To explore impacts on SAM RAM functioning, we study expression selected...

The development of woody plants is related to the continuity procambium and cambium. Whether such a present in with successive cambia, especially those, where first cambium formed outside primary vascular bundles, has not been analyzed so far. Therefore, we studied meristem Celosia argentea, which cambial cylinders arise bundles and, intriguingly, literature are interpreted as developmentally independent structures. Our results showed that C. outermost procambial cells maintain their...

The comparative analysis of leaf morphology was performed in <em>E. helleborine</em> (L.) Crantz, <em>E.atrorubens</em> (Hoffm.) Besser, and their interspecific hybrid, <em>Epipactis</em> ×<em>schmalhausenii</em> Richt. aim this research to find out features that would be useful the taxonomy genus <em>Epipactis</em>, particulary taxa hybrid origin. In course studies special attention paid morphology, mostly margins, presence...

• Lycopodium represents a phylogenetically distinct clade of basal vascular plants with anatomical characters that have no parallel in other lineages. Thus, knowledge lycopod structure and development may reveal important information about the common ancestors all plants. Here we report unique architecture conducting system annotinum clavatum. Based on multiple series sections, reconstructed spatial relationships between microphylls stelar system. Analysis revealed protoxylem ribs (PXR) were...

Recombination via short repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes results sublimons--DNA molecules with a copy number much lower compared to the main genome. Coexistence of stoichiometrically different mitotypes, called heteroplasmy, plays an important evolutionary role, since sublimons occasionally replace genome resulting new phenotype. It is not clear, how frequency recombination and sublimon production regulated it related changes quantity sublimons. We analyzed accumulation two recombining...

In Poland, isolated serpentine rocks are exclusive habitats of some <em>Asplenium</em> species, reaching here their north or northeastern border range. One them was <em>Asplenium onopteris</em>, a diploid European species native to Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. Since the nineteenth century, Polish out-of-range sites <em>A. onopteris</em> have been quoted in literature without critical verification. Thus, verify occurrence this we analyzed nuclear DNA...

<em>Selaginella</em> species are characterized by regular anisotomous dichotomous divisions of the shoot apical meristem, giving rise to two new axes (branches) which differ in size. A vital process is formation vascular connections, enables continuous communication and consequent functional developmental integration a plant during branching. Here, we present sequence changes system <em>Selaginella kraussiana</em> related Stem vasculature consists meristeles change...

Representatives of the family <em>Cactaceae</em> are characterized by a wide range phyllotaxis. To assess origin this diversity, early stages phyllotactic pattern formation were examined in seedlings. The analysis sequence areole initiation revealed intertribal differences. In seedlings from <em>Trichocereeae</em> (<em>Gymnocalycium</em>, <em>Rebutia</em>) and <em>Notocacteae</em> (<em>Parodia</em>) tribes, two opposite...