The Fenton-chemistry-generating properties of copper ions are considered a potent phagolysosome defense against pathogenic microbes, yet our understanding underlying host/microbe dynamics remains unclear. We address this issue in invasive aspergillosis and demonstrate that host fungal responses inextricably connect reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) mechanisms. Loss the copper-binding transcription factor AceA yields an Aspergillus fumigatus strain displaying increased sensitivity to ROI...

Use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture is under increasing scrutiny, but the quantity used on large US dairy farms has not been evaluated using data from and different metrics. This study investigated total antimicrobial usage (AMU) adult cows preweaned calves (PWC) contrasted 2 metrics for measurement AMU. Wisconsin were eligible if they had >250 lactating cows, maintained computerized health records, willing to allow researchers access treatment records. Animal a 1-yr period was...

Highlights This intervention utilized the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to address knowledge social barriers that increase dairy farm workers’ risk antimicrobial-resistant infections. Dairy workers gained a significant in 8 desired outcomes, related occupational health skills reduce risks, from our intervention. Limited time was major barrier as why felt like they could not make behavioral changes would their risk. farmworkers showed strong likelihood making workplace...

The aim of this research was to describe the incidence and treatments mastitis other common bovine diseases using one year retrospective observational data (n = 50,329 cow-lactations) obtained from herd management software 37 large dairy farms in Wisconsin. Incidence rate (IR) defined as number first cases each disease divided by lactations per farm. Clinical (CM) remains most diagnosed cows. Across all herds, mean IR (cases 100 24.4 for clinical mastitis, 14.5 foot disorders (FD), 11.2...

Abstract In mammals, microbial colonization of the digestive tract (GIT) occurs right after birth by several bacterial phyla. Numerous human and mouse studies have reported importance early gut inhabitants on host health. However, few attempts been undertaken to directly interrogate role gut/rumen GIT development or health in neonatal ruminants through artificial manipulation rumen microbiome. Thus, molecular changes associated with are largely unknown cattle. this study, we dosed young...

Wooden boards are commonly used for aging artisan cheeses. Although considered critical to the development of desired flavors and aromas, knowledge about microbial communities associated with these is limited. To begin address this need, we performed a 16S ribosomal RNA analysis bacterial present on surface within 5 wooden cheese ripening that were obtained from 3 cheese-processing facilities. The dominated by bacteria in phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria displayed differences...

The objective of this observational study was to describe variations in partial direct costs clinical mastitis (CM) treatments among 37 dairy herds using data obtained from herd management records. Animal health and drug purchase records were retrospectively collected Wisconsin for a period 1 yr. Each farm visited verify case definitions, recording accuracy, detection criteria CM cases. Descriptive statistics used summarize cost drugs milk discard. Differences protocols, intramammary (IMM)...

Listeria monocytogenes is a significant concern in cheese production. It has been assumed by some that wood surfaces pose greater risk for pathogen contamination during The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect microbiota obtained from wooden boards used ripening on growth monocytogenes. Bacterial communities surface cheese-ripening facilities were inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) and incubated at 11 °C 48 h. These (108 CFU/mL stationary phase cells) co-incubated with 104–105...

The microbiota's influence on host (patho) physiology has gained interest in the context of Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic disorder featuring dysregulation gut-brain-immune axis. This study examined short- and long-term effects GWI-related chemicals gut health fecal microbiota potential benefits Lacto-N-fucopentaose-III (LNFPIII) treatment GWI model. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 0.7 mg/kg) permethrin (PM; 200 for 10 days with concurrent LNFPIII (35...

Beneficial microbes play essential roles in the health and development of their hosts. However, complexity animal microbiomes general genetic intractability symbionts have made it difficult to study coevolved mechanisms for establishing maintaining specificity at microbe-animal host interface.

Sand is often considered the preferred bedding material for dairy cows as it thought to have lower bacterial counts than organic materials and bedded on sand experience fewer cases of lameness disease. can also be efficiently recycled reused, making cost-effective. However, some studies suggested that residual present in serve a reservoir commensal pathogenic bacteria, although no yet characterized total community composition. Here we sought characterize composition Wisconsin farm recycling...

We studied farmworker practices and beliefs potentially contributing to transmission of bacteria their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among animals farm workers identify potential behavioral interventions reduce the risk bacterial transmission. Ten focus groups were conducted on eight Wisconsin dairy farms assess high-risk knowledge experiences with use using Systems Engineering in Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework. Farmworkers asked describe common on-farm tasks policies...

Development of a properly functioning gastrointestinal tract (GIT) at an early age is critical for the wellbeing and lifetime productivity dairy cattle. The role microbial colonization on GIT development in neonatal cattle associated molecular changes remain largely unknown, particularly small intestine. In this study, we performed artificial dosing exogenous rumen fluid during life calf, starting birth through weaning transition 8 wk. Six calves were included study. At wk age, tissue from...

The objective of this observational study was to estimate partial direct costs dry cow antibiotic therapy (DCT) protocols used on 37 large dairy herds in Wisconsin and the potential monetary savings reduction antimicrobial usage (AMU) if selective DCT used. Partial were calculated using intramammary (IMM) antimicrobials teat sealants. Data retrospectively collected farms for a period one year included total number cows dried-off, types IMM used, product prices (obtained from farm invoices)....

Using oral swabs to collect the remnants of stomach content regurgitation during rumination in dairy cows can replicate up 70% ruminal bacterial community, offering potential for broad-scale population-based studies on rumen microbiome. The collected from often vary widely with respect sample quality, likely due several factors such as time collection and cow behavior, which may limit ability a given swab accurately represent One factor is color swab, significantly across different cows....

We evaluated the influence of diets differing in non-fiber carbohydrates and rumen-degradable protein (RDP) levels on changes ruminal bacterial populations lactating Holstein cows. In all, 12 ruminally cannulated cows were assigned to with high or low RDP levels. Within each level, molasses was substituted for corn grain at a concentration 0%, 5.25%, 10.5% diet dry matter replicated 3 × Latin square design 28-day periods. Liquid solid rumen digesta fractions collected end period underwent...

We studied farmworker practices potentially contributing to transmission of bacteria and antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) among animals farm workers identify human behavioral interventions reduce exposure risk. Ten focus groups were conducted on eight farms explore high-risk knowledge experiences with use resistance using the Systems Engineering in Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework. Farmworkers asked describe common tasks policies guiding these practices. found demonstrated role...

Abstract A major goal in dairy research is to improve milk production efficiency (MPE). With the advent of next-generation sequencing, efforts are underway MPE by manipulating rumen microbiota. correlates ruminal bacterial community composition (BCC), but adult microbiota highly stable and returns a baseline BCC after heavy perturbation. We seek influence early intervention pre-weaning calves. Two cannulated Holstein donors disparate were selected. Three cohorts 6 bull calves established...

Background: Antimicrobials are used on dairy farms for preventing disease and treating common infections such as mastitis. Objective: We aimed to understand farmworker practices that potentially contribute transmission of antimicrobial resistance bacteria their genes (ARG) among animals farm workers, identify human behavioral interventions reduce risk. Methods: Focus groups with workers were held at 8 across Wisconsin selected represent a range antibiotic use in cattle. explored the nature...

The composition of the nasal microbiota in surgical patients context general anesthesia and povidone-iodine decolonization is unknown. purpose this quality improvement study was to determine: (i) if associated with changes surgery (ii) preoperative intranasal patients.One hundred fifty-one ambulatory presenting for were enrolled a by convenience sampling. Pre- post-surgery samples collected from no group (control group, n = 54). Pre-decolonization (povidone-iodine 97). Intranasal...

<b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> Novel types of farm hazard exposures often become better illuminated through occupational epidemiological research as agricultural practices and technologies evolve. Often, professionals who work in safety health are charged with developing intervention tools such educational programs, administrative policies, protocols, or design systems components that reduce exposure. There models frameworks exist can underpin development, regardless the type hazard. These have...