We present a 1 Mpixel single-photon avalanche diode camera featuring 3.8 ns time gating and 24 kfps frame rate, fabricated in 180 nm CMOS image sensor technology. designed two pixels with pitch of 9.4 µm 7 T 5.75 configurations respectively, achieving maximum fill factor 13.4%. The photon detection probability is 27%, median dark count rate 2.0 cps, variation length 120 ps, position skew 410 rise/fall <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow...

We report on SwissSPAD2, an image sensor with 512×512 photon-counting pixels, each comprising a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), 1-bit memory, and gating mechanism capable of turning the SPAD off, skew 250ps 344ps, respectively, for minimum duration 5.75ns. The is designed to achieve frame rate up 97,700 binary frames per second sub-40ps gate shifts. By synchronizing it pulsed laser using multiple successive overlapping gates, one can reconstruct molecule's fluorescent response...

We present the architecture and three applications of largest resolution image sensor based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) published to date.The sensor, fabricated in a high-voltage CMOS process, has 512 x 128 pixels pitch 24 μm.The fill-factor 5% can be increased 30% with use microlenses.For precise control exposure for time-resolved imaging, we fast global gating signals define windows as small 4 ns.The uniformity gate edges location is ~140 ps (FWHM) over whole array, while...

This paper presents the first experimental investigation and physical discussion of cryogenic behavior a commercial 28 nm bulk CMOS technology. Here we extract fundamental parameters this technology at 300,77 4.2 K based on DC measurement results. The extracted values are then used to demonstrate impact temperatures essential analog design parameters. We find that simplified charge-based EKV model can accurately predict behavior. represents main step towards analog/RF circuits integrated in...

We describe the performance of a new wide area time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array for phasor-FLIM, exploring effect gate length, number and signal intensity on measured lifetime accuracy precision. conclude that detector functions essentially as an ideal shot noise limited sensor is capable video rate FLIM measurement. The phasor approach used in this work appears ideally suited to handle large amount data generated by type very (512 × 512 pixels), even case small gates...

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have become the sensor of choice in many applications whenever high sensitivity, low noise, and sharp timing performance are required, simultaneously. Recently, SPADs designed CMOS technology, yielded moderately good these parameters, but never equaling their counterparts fabricated highly customized, non-standard technologies. The arguments favor CMOS-compatible were miniaturization, cost scalability. In this paper, we present first SPAD with...

Confocal microscopes use photomultiplier tubes and hybrid detectors due to their large dynamic range, which typically exceeds the one of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The latter, photon counting operation, are usually limited an output count rate 1/Tdead. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis, can actually be applied any detector, on how extend SPAD range by exploiting nonlinear response at high rates for different recharge mechanisms. We passive, active event-driven...

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a key technology that provides direct insight into cell metabolism, dynamics and protein activity. However, determining the lifetimes of different fluorescent proteins requires detection relatively large number photons, hence slowing down total acquisition times. Moreover, there are many cases, for example in studies collectives, where wide-field desired. We report scan-less FLIM based on 0.5 MP resolution, time-gated Single Photon Avalanche...

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are an emerging sensor technology capable of detecting individual incident photons, and capturing their time-of-arrival with high timing precision. While these sensors were limited to singlepixel or low-resolution devices in the past, recently, large (up 1 MPixel) SPAD arrays have been developed. These single-photon cameras (SPCs) high-speed sequences binary images no read noise. We present quanta burst photography, a computational photography technique...

Temporal photon correlation measurement, instrumental to probing the quantum properties of light, typically requires multiple single detectors. Progress in avalanche diode (SPAD) array technology highlights their potential as high performance detector arrays for imaging and number resolving (PNR) experiments. Here, we demonstrate this by incorporating a novel on-chip SPAD with 55% peak detection probability, low dark count rate crosstalk probability 0.14% per detection, confocal microscope....

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLI) provides a unique contrast mechanism to monitor biological parameters and molecular events in vivo . Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) cameras have been recently demonstrated FLI microscopy (FLIM) applications, but their suitability for macroscopic (MFLI) deep tissues remains be demonstrated. Herein, we report NIR MFLI measurement with SwissSPAD2, large time-gated SPAD camera. We first benchmark its performance well-controlled vitro...

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a promising noninvasive technique for monitoring cerebral blood flow and measuring cortex functional activation tasks. Taking multiple parallel measurements has been shown to increase sensitivity, but not easily scalable with discrete optical detectors. Here we show that large 500 × SPAD array an advanced FPGA design, achieve SNR gain of almost over single-pixel mDCS performance. The system can also be reconfigured sacrifice decrease bin width, 400...

Abstract The correlation properties of light provide an outstanding tool to overcome the limitations traditional imaging techniques. A relevant case is represented by plenoptic (CPI), a quantum-inspired volumetric protocol employing spatio-temporally correlated photons from either entangled or chaotic sources address main conventional light-field imaging, namely, poor spatial resolution and reduced change perspective for 3D imaging. However, application potential high-resolution modalities...

While CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) technology has steadily advanced, improving noise, timing resolution, and sensitivity, spatial resolution been increasing as well. The increase in the number of pixels made a comprehensive analysis nonuniformity its effects meaningful, allowing more accurate comparison SPAD imagers with other high-end scientific imagers, such electron multiplying charge-coupled device CMOS. A was conducted on 512 × 128 pixel gated imager, where dark...

This paper investigates the radiation tolerance of 28-nm bulk n and pMOSFETs up to 1 Grad total ionizing dose (TID). The effects on this commercial CMOS process demonstrate a strong geometry dependence as result complex interplay oxide interface charge trapping relevant gate-related dielectrics shallow trench isolation. narrowest/longest channel devices have most serious performance degradation. In addition, nMOSFETs present limited on-current variation significant off-current increase,...

Understanding exciton-exciton interaction in multiply excited nanocrystals is crucial to their utilization as functional materials. Yet, for lead halide perovskite nanocrystals, which are promising candidates nanocrystal-based technologies, numerous contradicting values have been reported the strength and sign of interaction. In this work, we unambiguously determine biexciton binding energy single cesium at room temperature. This enabled by recently introduced single-photon avalanche diode...

Multiply-excited states in semiconductor quantum dots feature intriguing physics and play a crucial role nanocrystal-based technologies. While photoluminescence provides natural probe to investigate these states, room temperature single-particle spectroscopy of their emission has so far proved elusive due the temporal spectral overlap with from singly-excited charged states. Here we introduce biexciton heralded spectroscopy, enabled by single-photon avalanche diode array based spectrometer....

CMOS single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have broken into the mainstream by enabling adoption of imaging, timing, and security technologies in a variety applications within consumer, medical industrial domains. The continued scaling technology nodes creates many benefits but also obstacles for SPAD-based systems. Maintaining and/or improving upon high-sensitivity, low-noise, timing performance demonstrated SPADs custom or well-established image sensor processes remains challenge. In this...

Major advances in silicon pixel detectors, with outstanding timing performance, have recently attracted significant attention the community. In this work we present and discuss use of state-of-the-art Geiger-mode APDs, also known as single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), for detection minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) best-in-class resolution. The SPADs were implemented standard CMOS technology integrated on-chip quenching recharge circuitry. Two devices coincidence allowed to measure...

SignificanceFluorescence guidance is used clinically by surgeons to visualize anatomical and/or physiological phenomena in the surgical field that are difficult or impossible detect naked eye. Such include tissue perfusion molecular phenotypic information about disease being resected. Conventional fluorescence-guided surgery relies on long, microsecond scale laser pulses excite fluorescent probes. However, this technique only provides two-dimensional information; crucial depth information,...

To address many of the deficiencies in optical neuroimaging technologies, such as poor tempo-spatial resolution, low penetration depth, contact-based measurement, and time-consuming image reconstruction, a novel, noncontact, portable, time-resolved laser speckle contrast imaging (TR-LSCI) technique has been developed for continuous, fast, high-resolution 2D mapping cerebral blood flow (CBF) at different depths head. TR-LSCI illuminates head with picosecond-pulsed, coherent, widefield...