We describe the tenth skeletal specimen of Upper Jurassic Archaeopterygidae. The almost complete and well-preserved skeleton is assigned to Archaeopteryx siemensii Dames, 1897 provides significant new information on osteology As evident from specimen, palatine was tetraradiate as in non-avian theropods, not triradiate other avians. Also with respect position ectopterygoid, data obtained lead a revision previous reconstruction palate Archaeopteryx. morphology coracoid that proximal tarsals...

The last two decades have seen a remarkable increase in the known diversity of basal avialans and their paravian relatives. lack resolution relationships these groups combined with attributing behavior specialized taxa to base Paraves has clouded interpretations origin avialan flight. Here, we describe Hesperornithoides miessleri gen. et sp. nov., new theropod from Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) Wyoming, USA, represented by single adult or subadult specimen comprising partial,...

Term decidual tissue consists of terminally differentiated cells, bone marrow-derived and fibroblast cells. Since undifferentiated cells are fibroblast-like the endometrial stroma, possibility exists that in term decidua To test this hypothesis, a purified population was isolated from treated under conditions known to induce differentiation stromal By flow cytometry immunocytochemistry, were shown be free expressing cell-surface antigens epithelial cell marker cytokeratin. In addition, they...

Abstract Body shape is a fundamental expression of organismal biology, but its quantitative reconstruction in fossil vertebrates rare. Due to the absence fossilized soft tissue evidence, functional consequences basal paravian body and implications for origins avians flight are not yet fully understood. Here we reconstruct outline Anchiornis based on high-definition images tissues revealed by laser-stimulated fluorescence. This confirms patagia-bearing arms, drumstick-shaped legs slender...

Paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 10 AIDS patients with without dementia complex (ADC) were studied, in an attempt to uncover ADC-associated variation V3 sequences. Sequences obtained four of the eight those ADC. Comparison sequences using a resampling technique revealed significant difference occurring at several amino acid positions. Results CSF comparable. These differences may indicate that virus found ADC non-ADC have different biological properties. versus within...

Synopsis Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs had large preserved leg muscle attachments and low rotational inertia relative to their body mass, indicating that they could turn more quickly than other theropods. Methods To compare turning capability in theropods, we regressed agility estimates against incorporating superellipse-based modeled centers of (mass moment inertia). Muscle force mass is a direct correlate humans, torque gives potential angular acceleration. Agility scores therefore include...

Under appropriate conditions, protease-dispersed cytotrophoblast cells from human term placenta fuse and differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast that express hCG. Although placental lactogen (hPL) is also expressed by the in vivo, little hPL trophoblast differentiated vitro using standard tissue culture medium or keratinocyte growth supplemented with fetal bovine serum. In this report, we demonstrate to a phenotype expresses large amounts of both hCG when cultured containing maternal When...

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 type vpr, vpu and V3 sequences from 15 homosexual men 19 intravenous drug users in the Amsterdam Cohort studies were analysed. Previously, we reported that domains of viruses are distinguishable those on basis two silent mutations. Phylogenetic analysis shows differences all three regions correlate with risk group. Two positions both vpr found to differ significantly between groups. The distinguishing confirmed for 11 Scottish four German samples. show...

Anatomy of the first flying feathered dinosaurs, modern birds and crocodylians, proposes an ancestral flight system divided between shoulder chest muscles, before upstroke muscles migrated beneath body. This featured dorsally positioned deltoids supracoracoideus controlling chest-bound pectoralis downstroke. Preserved soft anatomy is needed to contextualize origin system, but this has remained elusive. Here we reveal earliest theropod flyers preserved as residual skin chemistry covering body...

When small biological samples are collected by microdissection or other methods, amplification techniques required to provide sufficient target for hybridization expression arrays. One such technique is perform two successive rounds of T7-based in vitro transcription. However, the use random primers, regenerate cDNA from first round transcription, results shortened copies which 5′ end missing. In this paper we describe an experiment designed compare quality data obtained labeling RNA using...

We employed the widely-tested biophysiological modeling software, Niche Mapper™ to investigate metabolic function of Late Triassic dinosaurs Plateosaurus and Coelophysis during global greenhouse conditions. tested a variety assumptions about resting rate, each evaluated within six microclimate models that bound paleoenvironmental conditions at 12° N paleolatitude, as determined by sedimentological isotopic proxies for climate Chinle Formation southwestern United States. Sensitivity testing...

Synopsis: Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs had larger than predicted preserved leg muscle attachments and low rotational inertia relative to their body mass, indicating that they could turn more quickly other large theropods. Methods: To compare turning capability in theropods, we regressed agility estimates against incorporating superellipse-based modeled centers of (mass moment inertia). Muscle force mass is a direct correlate humans, torque gives potential angular acceleration. Agility scores...

Abstract Background Macromolecules in skin cells are damaged when exposed to environmental stressors, leading disrupted cellular function and homeostasis. While epidermal turnover can eliminate some of this damage, autophagy rapidly remove these defective components. Niacinamide (Nam) is known induce optimizing formulations maximize response could provide improved homeostasis stressed skin. Objective To determine (i) whether Nam related 5 (ATG5), an marker, human keratinocytes (ii) optimized...

Niacinamide has been suggested to impact hair biology via stimulation of VEGF synthesis. Testing in an vitro synthesis assay, it was found that niacinamide cannot stimulate across a broad dose–response range.

To explore synergistic effects related to skin regeneration, peptides with distinct biological mechanisms of action were evaluated in combination different cell lines the presence or absence niacinamide (Nam). Furthermore, responses peptide combinations on global gene expression compared changes that occur fractional laser resurfacing treatment, a gold standard approach for rejuvenation, further define optimal combinations.Microarray profiling was used characterize (+/- Nam) relative...

The biogeography of terrestrial amniotes is controlled by historical contingency interacting with paleoclimate, morphology and physiological constraints to dispersal. Thermal tolerance the intersection between organismal requirements climate conditions which constrains modern organisms specific locations was likely a major control on ancient tetrapods. Here, we test extent controls exerted thermal 13 Late Triassic tetrapods using mechanistic modeling program, Niche Mapper. This program...

Synopsis: Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs had larger than predicted preserved leg muscle attachments and low rotational inertia relative to their body mass, indicating that they could turn more quickly other large theropods. Methods: To compare turning capability in theropods, we regressed agility estimates against incorporating superellipse-based modeled centers of (mass moment inertia). Muscle force mass is a direct correlate humans, torque gives potential angular acceleration. Agility scores...

Abstract We employed the widely-tested biophysiological modeling software, Niche Mapper™ to investigate metabolic function of Late Triassic dinosaurs Plateosaurus and Coelophysis during global greenhouse conditions. tested them under a variety assumptions about resting rate, evaluated within six microclimate models that bound paleoenvironmental conditions at 12° N paleolatitude, as determined by sedimentological isotopic proxies for climate Chinle Formation southwestern United States....