Abstract Evidence suggests that brain insulin availability acutely modulates arterial baroreflex function. However, little is known about the impact of blocking receptor (IR) signaling on baroreflex. We hypothesized blockade IR in impairs Our hypothesis was tested using open‐loop analysis to evaluate two subsystems baroreflex: carotid sinus pressure (CSP)–sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) relationship (the neural arc) and SNA–arterial (AP) peripheral arc). In anesthetized healthy male rats,...

Cardiovascular responses to exercise are exaggerated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Enhanced sympathetic activation is thought play a role with the pressor reflex (EPR), originating contracting muscle, modulating this response. Previous studies suggest an overactive EPR CKD patients as indicated by muscle overactivation during static handgrip exercise. However, of could not be fully elucidated due experimental constraints inherent humans. The purpose study was specifically test...

Abstract Mechanical distortion of working skeletal muscle induces sympathoexcitation via thin fibre afferents, a reflex response known as the mechanoreflex. However, to date, receptor ion channels responsible for mechanotransduction in remain largely undetermined. Transient potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is sense mechanical stimuli such shear stress or osmotic pressure various organs. It hypothesized that TRPV4 thin‐fibre primary afferents innervating involved mechanotransduction....

Long-term intake of a ketogenic diet enhances utilization ketone bodies, particularly energy-efficient substrate, during exercise. However, physiological adaptation to an extremely low-carbohydrate has been shown upregulate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4, negative regulator glycolytic flux) content in skeletal muscle, resulting impaired high-intensity exercise capacity. This study aimed examine the effects long-term containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on endurance...

SGLT2i (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor), a class of anti-diabetic medications, is shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients with type diabetes. Mechanisms underlying this action are unknown but SGLT2i-induced sympathoinhibition thought play role. Whether reduces BP and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) nondiabetic prehypertension model unknown.Accordingly, we assessed changes conscious using radiotelemetry alterations mean arterial renal SNA during simulated...

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is exaggerated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the underlying central nervous system aberrations have not been fully delineated. Stimulation of muscle afferents within working skeletal activates EPR, by sending information to neurons brainstem, where it integrated and results reflexively increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) sympathetic nerve activity. Brain insulin known regulate neural activity brainstem. We hypothesize that brain injection T2DM...

Systemic insulin administration evokes sympathoexcitatory actions, but the mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. We reported that sensitizes response of thin-fibre primary afferents, as well dorsal root ganglion (DRG) subserves them, to mechanical stimuli. However, little is known about effects on neuronal responses chemical TRPV1, whose agonist capsaicin (CAP), widely expressed chemically sensitive metaboreceptors and/or nociceptors. The aim this investigation was determine...

Abstract Insulin not only regulates glucose and/or lipid metabolism but also modulates brain neural activity. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a key central integration site for sensory input from working skeletal muscle and arterial baroreceptors during exercise. Stimulation of the exercise pressor reflex (EPR), responses which are buffered by baroreflex, leads to compensatory increases in pressure supply blood muscle. Evidence suggests that insulin signaling decreases neuronal...

Skeletal muscle reflexes play a crucial role in determining the magnitude of cardiovascular response to exercise. However, evidence supporting an association between pressor and velocity deformation has remained be elucidated. Thus, we investigated impact different rates on neural discharge afferents sympathetic responses Sprague-Dawley rats. In ex vivo muscle-nerve preparation, action potentials elicited by sinusoidal mechanical stimuli (137 mN) at frequencies (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25...

We previously reported that the combination of a very high-carbohydrate diet and endurance training increased glucose transporter 4 glycogen concentration in skeletal muscle. However, it remains unclear whether they also affect digestive absorptive capacity pancreas small intestine, which are suggested to be rate-limiting steps delivery exogenous carbohydrates muscle synthesis. Thus, we aimed evaluate effects on pancreatic amylase activity intestinal transporters rats examine relationship...

Long-term endurance training for a relatively short duration (~1 h) is reported to increase pancreatic amylase activity in rats, suggesting that chronic exercise enhances carbohydrate digestive capacity. However, it remains unknown whether longer results greater adaptation the pancreas and small intestine. Thus, this study aimed examine effects of long-term on intestinal glucose transporter content rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected swimming 1 h (Ex-1h group) or 6 (Ex-6h group,...

Endurance exercise training enhances muscle fat oxidation while concomitantly reducing carbohydrate (glycogen) utilization during exercise, thereby delaying the onset of fatigue. This study examined effects dietary restriction on endurance training-induced metabolic adaptations in rat skeletal muscle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed either a control diet (CON: 19.2% protein, 21.6% fat, and 59.2% as percentage total energy) or fat-restricted (FR: 21.5% 2.4% 76.1% for 4 wks. Half each...

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in chronic kidney (CKD). While underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and exercise intolerance thought to play an important role. In normal physiological conditions, modulation cardiovascular system during physical largely governed by a peripheral neural reflex originating contracting skeletal muscle, known as pressor (EPR). Pioneering work Park et al. demonstrated that CKD patients...

Amyloid β (Aβ) is well known to be a key trigger for the progression of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Aβ forms oligomers that develop into amyloid plaques, causing neuronal death dysfunction. Aβ-induced dysfunction has been reported in peripheral neurons as brain. We previously transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels play an important role mechanical sensation sensory innervating skeletal muscle. However, date, it remains unclear whether modulates mechanosensation or...

Purpose To assess the influence of topical application ibudilast for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis in patients wearing soft contact lenses (SCLs). Materials and Methods There were 16 SCL wearers (32 eyes) with due to cedar pollen, who studied from February April 2007. Before enrollment, informed consent participation this study was obtained all subjects. A frequent replacement (2Week Pure) worn 2 weeks, applied topically four times daily during period. The severity symptoms SCL-related...

Dietary intake of medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) is known to alleviate obesity. MCTs have also been suggested beneficially influence protein metabolism. This study evaluated the effects dietary on energy restriction-induced weight control and loss skeletal muscle. Rats were divided into following groups: 1) AL-LCT group that received AIN-93G-based diet containing long-chain (LCTs) ad libitum, 2) ER-LCT fed with 30% restriction, 3) ER-MCT a restriction. After 4-wk treatment, both...

We previously reported that consuming a ketogenic diet containing medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) might be valuable dietary strategy for endurance athletes. However, the long-term safety of has not been established, and there is concern higher intake MCTs increases liver triacylglycerol content. In this study, we found an MCT-containing 24 weeks decreased, rather than increased, concentration did aggravate safety-related blood biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Our results may therefore...

A mechanical stimulus to skeletal muscle during exercise activates the sympathetic nervous system via mechanoreflex. However, date, receptor mechanisms responsible for mechanotransduction in afferents have not been fully identified. Transient potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a multimodally activated, nonselective cation channel, is sensitive stimuli such as shear stress, osmotic pressure and stretch various organs. Therefore, it hypothesized that TRPV4 contributes thin-fiber primary...

Insulin signaling in the brain is capable of modulating neuronal excitability. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives and integrates sensory input from working skeletal muscle during physical exertion. neural arising reflexively mediates, part, cardiovascular response to exercise termed pressor reflex (EPR). Thus, it hypothesized that insulin may modulate EPR function if EPR-sensitive neurons NTS are co-expressed with receptors (IR). Purpose: current study was conducted investigate...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) leads to alterations in insulin signaling and autonomic function, including abnormal cardiovascular response exercise. Cardiovascular control during exercise is part mediated by the pressor reflex (EPR). The EPR transmits information from primary sensory neurons working skeletal muscle centers brain, resulting reflexively increased blood pressure (BP). Insulin receptors are expressed on these centers. Thus, it logical suggest that could be disrupted T2D. We...

Mechanical distortion of working skeletal muscle induces sympathoexcitation via thin fiber afferents, a reflex response known as the mechanoreflex. However, to date, receptor ion channels responsible for mechanotransduction within sensory afferents remain largely undetermined. Transient potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is mechanosensitive channel that plays an important role in various organs. We therefore hypothesized mechanoreflex is, part, mediated by activation TRPV4 afferents. PURPOSE:...

The mechanoreflex is a component of the exercise pressor reflex (EPR), which in part regulates cardiovascular system during exercise. It activated skeletal muscle contractions by stimulation mechanosensitive group III and IV afferent fibers, innervating muscle. In humans, contraction velocity affects responses to exercise, potentially relevant for prescription. However, it experimentally difficult human studies isolate mechanical factors from metabolic determining contribution each magnitude...