The carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II contains a tandemly repeated heptapeptide sequence. Previous work has shown that this sequence is phosphorylated at multiple sites by template-associated protein kinase, in reaction closely associated with the initiation synthesis. We have purified kinase to apparent homogeneity from human (HeLa) cells. phosphorylates native only presence DNA and general transcription factors TFIID (TBP), TFIIB, TFIIF. Two components are required for full...

Abstract Plasmodesmata (PD) are thought to play a fundamental role in almost every aspect of plant life, including normal growth, physiology, and developmental responses. However, how specific signaling pathways integrate PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication is not well understood. Here, we present experimental evidence showing that the Arabidopsis thaliana plasmodesmata-located protein 5 (PDLP5; also known as HOPW1-1-INDUCED GENE1) mediates crosstalk between PD regulation salicylic...

The balance between the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide and its phosphorylated derivative has been proposed to modulate amount of programmed cell death (PCD) in eukaryotes. We characterized first kinase (CERK) mutant any organism. Arabidopsis CERK mutant, called accelerated 5 , accumulates substrates shows enhanced disease symptoms during pathogen attack apoptotic-like dependent on defense signaling late development. ACD5 protein high specificity for ceramides vitro. Strikingly, C2 induces,...

The two forms of RNA polymerase II that exist in vivo, phosphorylated (IIO) and nonphosphorylated (IIA), were purified to apparent homogeneity from HeLa cells. form preferentially binds the preinitiation complex. complex was converted by a cellular protein kinase form.

Two new factors required for transcription of class II genes have been identified. These factors, TFIIH and TFIIJ, were together with the previously described general (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF) RNA polymerase different genes. was extensively purified, activity appeared to coelute polypeptides 33 95 kDa. The role TFIIJ in preinitiation complex assembly analyzed using mobility shift assays. It found that association ordered previous a intermediate containing IID, IIB, IIF, IIE, II. A...

The previously reported Arabidopsis dominant gain-of-function mutant accelerated cell death6-1 (acd6-1) shows spontaneous death and increased disease resistance. acd6-1 also confers responsiveness to the major defense signal salicylic acid (SA). To further explore role of ACD6 in response, we cloned characterized gene. encodes a novel protein with putative ankyrin transmembrane regions. It is member one largest uncharacterized gene families higher plants. Steady state basal expression mRNA...

The circadian clock integrates temporal information with environmental cues in regulating plant development and physiology. Recently, the has been shown to affect responses biotic cues. To further examine this role of clock, we tested disease resistance mutants disrupted CCA1 LHY, which act synergistically regulate activity. We found that cca1 lhy also basal gene-mediated defense against Pseudomonas syringae Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Disrupting caused by overexpression or LHY resulted...

The Arabidopsis thaliana agd2-like defense response protein1 (ald1) mutant was previously found to be hypersusceptible the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and had reduced accumulation of signal salicylic acid (SA). ALD1 shown possess aminotransferase activity in vitro, suggesting it generates an amino acid-derived signal. We now find a key component that acts multiple contexts partially requires PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) regulatory gene for its expression infection. ald1...

We found that transcription factor IIF mediates the association of RNA polymerase II with promoter sequences containing factors IID, IIB, and IIA (DAB complex). The resulting DNA-protein complex contained two subunits (RAP 30 RAP 74). Cloned human was sufficient for recruitment to DAB complex. This ability recruit a is also characteristic sigma in prokaryotes.

Summary Powdery mildew (PM) is a severe fungal disease of cultivated grapevine world‐wide. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) play an important role in resistance to pathogens; however, little known about PA‐mediated PM grapevine. We identified WRKY transcription factor, VqWRKY56 , from Vitis quinquangularis the expression which was significantly induced by PM. Overexpression (OE) vinifera increased PA content and reduced susceptibility Furthermore, transgenic plants showed more cell death accumulation...

Summary Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in activating defenses and cell death during plant–pathogen interactions. In response to some pathogens, SA also limits the extent of death, indicating that it acts positively or negatively depending on host–pathogen interaction. addition, we previously showed affects growth Arabidopsis defense‐related mutants accelerated 6–1 ( acd6–1 ) aberrant 2 agd2 . Using , two other mutants, lesion simulating disease 6 lsd6 ), suppressor SA‐insensitivity...

Abstract The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and permeability. VEGF overexpression has been associated with advanced stage poor survival several cancers. We evaluated the association functional polymorphisms in gene breast cancer a cohort 1,193 patients who were recruited as part population-based case-control study Shanghai, China from 1996 to 1998 followed for recurrence mortality between March 2000 December 2002. Included three (C−460T,...

The disease-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana aberrant growth and death2 (agd2-1) mutant has elevated levels of the defense signal salicylic acid (SA), altered leaf morphology, mild dwarfism. AGD2 its close homolog ALD1 (for AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1) encode aminotransferases that act on an overlapping set amino acids in vitro. However, kinetic parameters indicate may drive aminotransferase reaction opposite directions. ALD1-deficient mutants have phenotypes from agd2-1, showing...

The salicylic acid (SA) regulatory gene HOPW1-1-INTERACTING3 (WIN3) was previously shown to confer resistance the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Here, we report that WIN3 controls broad-spectrum disease necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea and contributes basal defense induced by flg22, a 22-amino peptide derived from conserved region of bacterial flagellin proteins. Genetic analysis indicates acts additively with several known SA regulators, including PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4,...

Regulation of pre-mRNA splicing diversifies protein products and affects many biological processes. Arabidopsis thaliana Serine/Arginine-rich 45 (SR45), regulates by interacting with other regulatory proteins spliceosomal subunits. Although SR45 has orthologs in diverse eukaryotes, including human RNPS1, the sr45–1 null mutant is viable. Narrow flower petals reduced seed formation suggest that genes involved processes, reproduction. To understand how regulation reproductive we studied mRNA...

Abstract The circadian clock is known to regulate plant innate immunity but the underlying mechanism of this regulation remains largely unclear. We show here that mutations in core component LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) disrupt stomata under free running and Pseudomonas syringae challenge conditions as well defense signaling mediated by SA JA, leading compromised disease resistance. RNA-seq analysis reveals both clock- defense-related genes are regulated LUX. binds gene promoters have not been shown...

Arabidopsis dnd1 and dnd2 mutants lack cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel proteins carry out avirulence or resistance gene-mediated defense with a greatly reduced hypersensitive response (HR). They also exhibit elevated broad-spectrum disease constitutively salicylic acid (SA) levels. We examined the contributions of NPR1, SID2 (EDS16), NDR1, EIN2 to dnd phenotypes. Mutations that affect SA accumulation signaling (sid2, npr1, ndr1) abolished enhanced against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato...

Precise cell-cycle control is critical for plant development and responses to pathogen invasion. Two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes, SIAMESE (SIM) SIM-RELATED 1 (SMR1), were recently shown regulate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defense based on phenotypes conferred by a sim smr1 double mutant. However, whether these two genes play differential roles in unknown. In this report, we show that while acting synergistically promote endoreplication, SIM SMR1 different...