Summary The vacuolar membrane is involved in solute uptake into and release from the vacuole, which largest plant organelle. In addition to inorganic ions metabolites, large quantities of protons sugars are shuttled across this membrane. Current models suggest that proton gradient drives accumulation and/or sugars. Recent studies have associated AtSUC4 with Some members SUC family plasma proton/sucrose symporters. addition, sugar transporters TMT1 TMT2, localized membrane, been suggested...

Copper is an essential micronutrient for all organisms because it serves as a cofactor of several proteins involved in electron transfer. Elevated copper concentrations can cause toxic effects and have established suitable mechanisms to regulate the uptake internal distribution balance content at optimal concentration. In recent studies, family transporters (COPT) with high homology other eukaryotic (Ctr) has been identified Arabidopsis thaliana. this study we clarified physiological...

Arabidopsis thaliana has seven genes for functionally active sucrose transporters. Together with transporters from other dicot and monocot plants, these proteins form four separate phylogenetic groups. Group-IV includes the protein SUC4 (synonym SUT4) related monocots dicots. These were reported to be either tonoplast- or plasma membrane-localised, in heterologous expression systems shown act as sucrose/H(+) symporters. Here, we present comparative analyses of subcellular localisation...

During endochondral ossification, the secreted growth factor Indian hedgehog (Ihh) regulates several differentiation steps. It interacts with a second factor, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), to regulate onset of hypertrophic differentiation, and it chondrocyte proliferation ossification perichondrium independently PTHrP. To investigate how Ihh signal is translated in different target tissues, we analyzed role zinc-finger transcription Gli3, which acts downstream signals other...

Vacuoles perform a multitude of functions in plant cells, including the storage amino acids and sugars. Tonoplast-localized transporters catalyze import release these molecules. The mechanisms determining targeting to tonoplast are largely unknown. Using paralogous Arabidopsis thaliana inositol INT1 (tonoplast) INT4 (plasma membrane), we performed domain swapping mutational analyses identified C-terminal di-leucine motif responsible for sorting higher INT1-type mesophyll protoplasts. We...

Abstract Plants represent an important source of molybdenum in the human diet. Recently, MOT1 has been identified as a transport protein responsible for molybdate import Arabidopsis thaliana L.; however, function homologous MOT2 not resolved. Interestingly, MOT2‐GFP analysis indicated vacuolar location this carrier protein. By site directed mutagenesis at N‐terminal end MOT2, we di‐leucine motif that is essential driving into membrane. Molybdate quantification isolated vacuoles showed...

Abstract Background The capacity of muscle to grow or regenerate after damage is provided by adult stem cells, so called satellite which are located under the basement lamina each myofiber. Upon activation cells enter cell cycle, proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts, fuse injured myofibers form new fibers. These processes tightly controlled many growth factors. Results Here we investigate role bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) during differentiation. Unlike myogenic C2C12 line,...

The controlled distribution of sugars between assimilate-exporting source tissues and sugar-consuming sink is a key element for plant growth development. Monosaccharide transporters the SUGAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN (STP) family contribute to uptake into cells. Here, we report on characterization STP7, STP8, STP12, three previously uncharacterized members this in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Heterologous expression yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that STP8 STP12 catalyze...

Abstract Arabidopsis thaliana INOSITOL TRANSPORTER1 (INT1) is a member of small gene family with only three more genes (INT2 to INT4). INT2 and INT4 were shown encode plasma membrane–localized transporters for different inositol epimers, INT3 was characterized as pseudogene. Here, we present the functional physiological characterization INT1 protein, analyses tissue-specific expression gene, phenotypic differences observed between wild-type plants mutant lines carrying int1.1 int1.2 alleles....

Sucrose (Suc)-phosphate synthase (SPS) catalyses one of the rate-limiting steps in synthesis Suc plants. The Arabidopsis genome contains four annotated SPS genes which can be grouped into three different families (SPSA1, SPSA2, SPSB, and SPSC). However, functional significance this multiplicity is as yet only poorly understood. All isoforms show enzymatic activity when expressed yeast although there variation sensitivity towards allosteric effectors. Promoter–reporter gene analyses...

The best characterized function of sucrose transporters the SUC family in plants is uptake into phloem for long-distance transport photoassimilates. This important step usually performed by one specific every species. However, possess small families several different SUCs which are less well understood. Here, we report on characterization AtSUC6 and AtSUC7, two members Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that AtSUC6Col-0 a high-affinity...

Abstract Four genes of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) monosaccharide transporter-like superfamily share significant homology with transporter previously identified in common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), a model system for studies on salt tolerance higher plants. These transporters had been discussed as tonoplast proteins catalyzing inositol-dependent efflux Na+ ions from vacuoles. The subcellular localization and physiological role homologous glycophyte were unclear....

Of the four genes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) INOSITOL TRANSPORTER family (AtINT family) so far only AtINT4 has been described. Here we present characterization AtINT2 and AtINT3. cDNA sequencing revealed that AtINT3 gene is incorrectly spliced encodes a truncated protein 182 amino acids with transmembrane helices. In contrast, codes for functional transporter. localization in plasma membrane was demonstrated by transient expression an AtINT2-GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN fusion...

Adaptor protein complexes mediate cargo selection and vesicle trafficking to different cellular membranes in all eukaryotic cells. Information on the role of AP4 plants is still limited. Here, we present analyses Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking subunits AP4. These show abnormalities their development sorting. We found that growth roots etiolated hypocotyls, as well male fertility trichome morphology are disturbed ap4. Analyses GFP‐ fusions transiently expressed mesophyll protoplasts...

The tonoplastic inositol transporter INT1 is the only known transport protein in Arabidopsis that facilitates myo-inositol import from vacuole into cytoplasm. Impairment of release vacuolar by knockout results a severe inhibition cell elongation roots as well etiolated hypocotyls. Importantly, more strongly reduced was observed when sucrose supplied growth medium, and this sucrose-dependent effect can be complemented addition exogenous myo-inositol. Comparing int1 mutants (defective...

Inositols are indispensable components of cellular signaling molecules, and impaired cytoplasmic inositol concentrations affect development. Although most cells can synthesize de novo, plasma membrane-localized uptake systems for normal Here, we present in-depth functional analyses H+-inositol symporters from human the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Sequence comparisons, structural phylogenetic revealed that these transporters possess conserved extracellular loop domains represent...

Abstract Background Antithrombin (AT) is an important anticoagulant in hemostasis. We describe here the characterization of a novel AT mutation associated with clinically relevant thrombosis. A pair sisters confirmed type I protein deficiency was genetically analyzed on suspicion inherited SERPINC1 mutation. frameshift mutation, c.1247dupC, identified and effect this examined cellular molecular level. Methods Plasmids for expression wild-type (WT) mutated coding sequence (CDS) fused to green...

The recently identified PROS1 mutation Protein S Erlangen c.1904T>C, resulting in amino acid exchange F635S, is associated with severe quantitative protein (PS) deficiency and clinical thrombosis. It was hypothesized that this due to a secretion defect [1]. This report aims further elucidate the potential of PS Erlangen.

Abstract Resonance‐enhanced coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectra are recorded for monomers and trimers of phycocyanin from three different cyanobacteria: Westiellopsis prolifica, Mastigocladus laminosus Spirulina platensis. It is shown that upon aggregation monomer to trimer the electronic structures both α84 β84 chromophores changed. The originating S. platensis M. very similar each other, but distinctly spectrum W. prolifica.

Prothrombotic hereditary risk factors for cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) are of clinical interest to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and stratify patients recurrence. This study explores prothrombotic in CVT patients. An initial screening outpatient clinic Department Transfusion Medicine Hemostaseology University Hospital Erlangen, Germany, revealed 183 with a history CVT. identified number common prothrombic factors, including Factor V Leiden (rs6025) Prothrombin G20210A...

Purpose: The isolated ex vivo retina is the standard model in retinal physiology and neuroscience. During isolation, peeled from pigment epithelium (RPE), which plays a key role visual cycle. Here we introduce choroid-attached bovine as an vivo–like for physiology. We find that—in eye—the choroid can be sclera single thin sheet. Importantly, remains tightly associated with RPE, sandwiched between choroid. Furthermore, tissue readily available cheap, there are no ethical concerns related to...

The members of a Caucasian family were genetically analyzed on suspicion hereditary protein S deficiency. A novel mutation, c.1904T>C, associated with severe quantitative deficiency was found. PROS1 mutation identified by sequencing the gene coding sequence. c.1904T>C point results in p.Phe635Ser amino acid exchange, which is located Laminin G-like 2 domain S. Computational analysis indicates that this exchange affects correct folding antigen. Furthermore, region where changes sequence often...