The reaction-diffusion system is one of the most studied nonlinear mechanisms that generate spatially periodic structures autonomous. On basis many mathematical studies using computer simulations, it assumed animal skin patterns are typical examples Turing pattern (stationary produced by system). However, mechanism underlying formation remains unknown because molecular or cellular phenomenon has yet to be identified. In this study, we identified interaction network between pigment cells...

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was purified from pheochromocytoma PC-12 cloned cells by a short and gentle procedure. The enzyme isolated in pure form has molecular weight of approximately 210,000-220,000. SDS electrophoresis yields one single protein band with 62,000. Antiserum to rat TH obtained rabbits immunotitration data show that the antiserum reduces activity homologous more effectively than heterologous enzyme. is stimulated cAMP-dependent kinase phosphorylating system (PKP system),...

Neurons are highly polarized cells composed of dendrites, cell bodies, and long axons. Because the lack protein synthesis machinery in axons, materials required axons synapses have to be transported down after body. Fast anterograde transport conveys different kinds membranous organelles such as mitochondria precursors synaptic vesicles axonal membranes, while endosomes autophagic prelysosomal conveyed retrogradely. Although kinesin dynein been identified good candidates for...

We have developed an efficient in vitro class switching system using a subclone (CH12F3) of the IgM+ CH12.LX lymphoma cell line. CH12F3 cells switched from surface to IgA+ at high frequency (50%) after 72 h stimulation with IL-4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and CD40L. No other isotype-producing were detected, indicating that clone is exclusively committed IgA isotype switching. To understand molecular basis commitment, we studied methylation profiles I region promoters...

The mechanism by which animal markings are formed is an intriguing problem that has remained unsolved for a long time. One of the most important questions whether positional information pattern formation derived from covert prepattern or autonomous mechanism. In this study, using zebrafish as model system, we attempted to answer classic question. We ablated pigment cells in limited areas skin laser irradiation, and observed regeneration pigmentation pattern. Depending on area ablated,...

Although recent experimental studies have suggested that the interactions among pigment cells play a key role in skin pattern formation, details of mechanism remain largely unknown. By using an vitro cell culture system, we detected between two types, melanophores and xanthophores, zebrafish skin. During primary culture, melanophore membrane transiently depolarizes when contacted with dendrites xanthophore. This depolarization triggers migration to avoid further contact xanthophores. Cell...

The skin pigment pattern of zebrafish is a good model system in which to study the mechanism biological formation. Although it known that interactions between melanophores and xanthophores play key role formation adult stripes, molecular mechanisms for these remain largely unknown. Here, we show Delta/Notch signaling contributes interactions. Ablation yellow stripes induced death black suggesting require survival signal from distant xanthophores. We found deltaC notch1a were expressed by...

Significance The periodic pigment patterns of organisms, such as spots and stripes, have suggested the presence a mathematical system generating patterns. most famous one is reaction–diffusion system. Although explains pattern formation well, biological substances corresponding to diffusive factors in not been elucidated. Here, we observed behavior zebrafish cells vitro found that WT showed run-and-chase movement direct interaction, whereas mutant different cell movement. These results gene...

Abstract Zebrafish have a characteristic horizontal‐stripe pigment pattern made by specific distribution of three types cells: melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores. This is valuable model to investigate how the spatial patterns form during animal development. Although recent findings suggest that interactions among cells play key role, particular details these not yet been clarified. In this report, we performed transmission electron microscopic study show distribution, conformation,...

Estrogen receptor (ER)-binding fragments were isolated from human genomic DNA by using a recombinant ER protein. Using one of these as probe, we have identified an estrogen-responsive gene that encodes putative zinc finger It has RING motif present in family apparent DNA-binding proteins and is designated protein (efp). efp cDNA contains consensus element at the 3' untranslated region can act downstream estrogen-dependent enhancer. Moreover, regulated estrogen demonstrated both mRNA level...

Many animals have a variety of pigment patterns, even within species, and these patterns may be one the driving forces speciation. Recent molecular genetic studies on zebrafish revealed that interaction among cells plays key role in pattern formation, but mechanism formation is unclear. The jaguar/obelix mutant has broader stripes than wild-type fish. In this mutant, development normal their distribution altered, making fish ideal for studying process formation. Here, we utilized positional...

Abstract The orderly pigment pattern of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) is a good model system for studying how spatial patterns form in animals. Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that interactions between the cells play major roles formation. In present study, we performed comparative transmission electron microscopy cells, order to clarify structural tissues with and without striped pattern. patterned tissues, were distributed as one‐cell‐thick sheet. layer sheets always kept strictly....

The zebrafish adult pigment pattern has emerged as a useful model for understanding the development and evolution of form well pattern-forming mechanisms more generally. In this species, series horizontal melanophore stripes arises during larval-to-adult transformation, but genetic cellular bases stripe formation remain largely unknown. Here, we show that seurat mutant phenotype, consisting an irregular spotted pattern, from lesions in gene encoding Immunoglobulin superfamily member 11...

Biologists have long been fascinated by the amazing diversity of animal colour patterns. Despite much interest, underlying evolutionary and developmental mechanisms contributing to their rich variety remain largely unknown, especially vivid complex patterns seen in vertebrates. Here, we show that camouflaged markings can be formed 'blending' simple A mathematical model predicts crossing between animals having inverted spot (for example, 'light spots on a dark background' 'dark light...

The reaction-diffusion model presented by Alan Turing has recently been supported experimental data and accepted most biologists. However, scientists have recognized shortcomings when the is used as working hypothesis in biological experiments, particularly studies which underlying molecular network not fully understood. To address some such problems, this report proposes a new version of model. This alternative represented partial differential equations, but rather shape an...