Goblet cell diversity An adult human has a gut surface area averaging 30 square meters that is bombarded daily by xenobiotics and microorganisms. Mucus synthesized goblet cells supplies protective barrier coating. Nyström et al. discovered are not all the same along length of gut; rather, they form different functional populations depending on location. Small-intestine mucus laced with antimicrobial peptides permeable to small molecules; downstream, thicker generated excludes bacteria...

The inner mucus layer (IML) is a critical barrier that protects the colonic epithelium from luminal threats and inflammatory bowel disease. Innate immune signaling thought to regulate IML formation via goblet cell Nlrp6 inflammasome activity controls secretion of structural component Muc2. We report isolated cells express components several inflammasomes; however, analysis properties in multiple inflammasome-deficient mice, including littermate-controlled Nlrp6−/−, detect functional all...

Abstract Mucins are highly glycosylated proteins which protect the epithelium. In small intestine, goblet cell-secreted Muc2 mucin constitutes main component of loose mucus layer that traps luminal material. The transmembrane Muc17 forms part carbohydrate-rich glycocalyx covering intestinal epithelial cells. Our study aimed at investigating turnover these mucins in intestine by using vivo labeling O -glycans with N -azidoacetylgalactosamine. Mice were injected intraperitoneally and...

Because of their unique photophysical properties, sensitively depending on environment, ruthenium dipyridophenazine (dppz) complexes are interesting as probes for cellular imaging with fluorescence microscopy. Here three derivatized alkyl ether chains varied length, which exhibit distinctly different staining patterns by confocal laser scanning microscopy, studied regarding binding preference rRNA compared calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and phospholipid membranes. Co-staining commercial RNA...

Ruthenium dipyridophenazine (dppz) complexes are sensitive luminescent probes for hydrophobic environments. Here, we apply multiple-frequency fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to Δ and Λ enantiomers of lipophilic ruthenium dppz in live fixed cells, their different staining patterns related conventional intensity-based microscopy. Excited state lifetimes the determined from FLIM measurements correspond well with spectroscopically measured emission decay curves pure...

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are a leading cause of diarrheal illness, responsible for an estimated 100,000 deaths annually. ETEC pathogenesis is driven by various virulence factors, including toxins, adhesins, and noncanonical factors such as the protease EatA. The first line host defense against intestinal pathogenic bacterial protective mucus layer. Here, we demonstrate mechanism which EatA facilitates access to epithelial cell surface degrading core component MUC2,...

MUC 1 and other membrane‐associated mucins harbor long, up to μm, extended highly glycosylated mucin domains sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase agrin ( SEA ) situated on their extracellular parts. These line luminal tracts organs, are anchored the apical cell membrane by a transmembrane domain. The domain is conserved undergoes molecular strain‐dependent autocatalytic cleavage during folding in endoplasmic reticulum, process required for plasma expression. To date, no specific function...

The DNA sequence of the two human mucin genes MUC2 and MUC6 have not been completely resolved due to repetitive nature their central exon coding for Proline, Threonine Serine rich sequences. exact nucleotide these exons has remained unknown a long time limitations in traditional sequencing techniques. These are still very poorly covered new whole genome projects with corresponding protein sequences partly missing. We used BAC clone containing both third generation technology, SMRT...

Background Reprogramming of somatic cells for derivation either embryonic stem (ES) cells, by cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), or ES-like induced pluripotent (iPS) procedure, provides potential routes toward non-immunogenic replacement therapies. Nucleolar proteins serve as markers activation genes, whose expression is crucial successful reprogramming. Although Nucleolin (Ncl) one the most abundant nucleolar proteins, its interaction partners in ES have remained unidentified. Methodology Here...

Interest in binuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as luminescent cellular imaging agents and for biomedical applications is increasing rapidly. We have investigated the localization, uptake, biomolecular interactions of pure enantiomers two structural isomers [μ-bipb(phen)(4)Ru(2)](4+) (bipb bis(imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)benzene phen 1,10-phenanthroline) using confocal laser scanning microscopy, emission spectroscopy, linear dichroism. Both display distinct enantiomeric...

Ruthenium complexes with dipyridophenazine (dppz) type ligands have several characteristics that make them good candidates for use as luminescence probes hydrophobic environments. Most studies concerned DNA intercalation, but also lipid membrane fluidity and liposome orientation been assessed. We report here derivatives ([Ru(phen)2dppz]2+) substituted one or two alkyl ether chains of different lengths aimed at finding the optimum substitution a high quantum yield when bound to phospholipid...

Synthesis of bis-4,5-diazafluoren-9-one silver(I) nitrate I (dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one) and the low temperature X-ray single crystal structure [Ag(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one)2NO3], form 1, a re-determination [Ag(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one)2]NO3·H2O, 2 are presented. Crystal 1 has distorted trigonal planar coordination geometry around Ag(I) with an N–Ag–N bond angle 123.45(7)°. perfect linear Ag, 180.0°. Compound was characterized by 1H-NMR, biological activity ESI-MS in DMSO at room...

There is a great need for development of independent methods to study the structure and function membrane-associated proteins peptides. Polarized light spectroscopy (linear dichroism, LD) using shear-aligned lipid vesicles as model membranes has emerged promising tool characterization binding geometry membrane-bound biomolecules. Here we explore potential retinoic acid, retinol, retinal probes macroscopic alignment shear-deformed 100 nm liposomes. The retinoids display negative LD, proving...

Ascending aorta (AA) flow displacement (FD) is a surrogate for increased wall shear stress. We prospectively studied the profile in AA patients with aortic regurgitation (AR), to identify predictors of FD and investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phase-contrast rate curves (PC-FRC) contain quantitative information related FD. Forty chronic moderate (n = 14) or severe 26) AR (21 (53%) bicuspid valve) 22 controls were investigated. was determined from velocity profiles defined...

Background A method of simulating pulmonary nodules in tomosynthesis images has previously been developed and evaluated. An unknown feature a rounding function included the computer code was later found to introduce an artifact, affecting simulated low-signal regions images. The now corrected. Purpose To perform thorough evaluation corrected nodule-simulation method, comparing detection rate visual appearance artificial with those real observer performance experiment. Material Methods cohort...

Purpose: To show that adjustment of velocity encoding (VENC) for phase-contrast (PC) flow volume measurements is not necessary in modern MR scanners with effective background offset corrections. Approach: The independence on VENC was demonstrated theoretically, but also experimentally dedicated phantoms and patients chronic aortic regurgitation ( n=17 ) one healthy volunteer. All PC were performed using a scanner, where the pre-emphasis circuit subsequent post-processing filter used...

Background Accurate and precise quantification of aortic regurgitation (AVR) severity by cardiovascular magnetic resonance is essential for the clinical decission-making timing surgery. The regurgitant flow volume (RV) can be measured directly 2D phase contrast (PC) velocity measurements. encoding parameter, venc, has been identified others as an important factor accurate determination RV. For large vessel high signal to noise measurements, though, integration blood velocities over lumen...