How extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs moved is a subject of considerable interest and controversy. A better understanding locomotion can be achieved by terrestrial locomotor biomechanics in their modern descendants, birds. Despite much research on the subject, avian remains little explored regards to how kinematic kinetic factors vary together with speed body size. Here, was investigated twelve species ground-dwelling bird, spanning 1,780-fold range mass, across almost entire range....

Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are exclusively terrestrial, bipedal and cursorial ratites with some similar biomechanical characteristics to humans. Their growth rates impressive, as their body mass increases eighty-fold from hatching adulthood whilst maintaining the same mode of locomotion throughout life. These ontogenetic stimulate questions about strategies that allow emus cope rapid locomotion, which can be partly addressed via scaling (allometric) analysis morphology. In this study we...

Summary Background Established or ongoing septic arthritis requiring repeated joint flushing remains a treatment challenge with poor survival outcome aggravated by the necessity of controlled antimicrobial usage. Objective To describe outcomes and rates patients synovial sepsis treated lavage 0.05% chlorhexidine solution. Study design Clinical retrospective observational study. Methods Patients underwent standing needle arthroscopic under general anaesthesia solution, followed Lactate Ringer...

How extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs locomoted is a subject of considerable interest, as the manner in which it evolved on line leading to birds. Fossil footprints provide most direct evidence for answering these questions. In this study, step width—the mediolateral (transverse) distance between successive footfalls—was investigated with respect speed (stride length) trackways Late Triassic age. Comparable kinematic data were also collected humans and 11 species ground-dwelling...

Pregnancy toxaemia (PT) is a disease that affects pregnant goats during their last month of gestation and characterized by high case fatality rate. This study involved 32 does maintained on commercial dairy goat farm were diagnosed with PT. A physical examination was performed haematology parameters obtained from each doe, at the time diagnosis. The data 24 PT died compared corresponding 8 survived.Polypnea, swollen limbs, anorexia absence ruminal motility, recumbency, nervous signs drooping...

Electromyography (EMG) is used to understand muscle activity patterns in animals. Understanding how much variation exists homologous muscles across animal clades during similar behaviours important for evaluating the evolution of functions and neuromuscular control. We compared a range archosaurian species appendicular muscles, including these EMG varied ontogeny phylogeny, reconstruct evolutionary history activation locomotion. electrodes were implanted into turkeys, pheasants, quail,...

Terrestrial animals not only need to walk and run but also lie prone rest then stand up. Sit-to-stand (STS) sit-to-walk (STW) transitions are vital behaviours little studied in species other than humans so far, likely impose biomechanical constraints on limb design because they involve near-maximal excursions of joints that should require large length changes force production from muscles. By integrating data experiments into musculoskeletal simulations, we analysed joint motions, ground...

Injury to the supraspinous ligament (SSL) is reported cause back pain in horse. The diagnosis based on clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. appearance of has been well described, but there are few studies that correlate findings with and/or pathology. This preliminary study aims test hypothesis unridden horses (n = 13) have a significantly reduced frequency occurrence changes SSL consistent desmitis when compared ridden those signs 13). all was imaged between...

Abstract The knowledge of the craniodental variability South American canids is mainly anecdotal, and dental correlation living have only been studied in several species holarctic foxes ( Vulpes vulpes , lagopus Urocyon cinereoargeteus ) Canis lupus . These studies shown that last molars, canines incisors are most variable central molars premolars least variable, correlations highest among posterior premolars. This pattern has accounted for by developmental factors, functional utility tooth...

Summary Reasons for performing this study: Intra‐articular ethanol has been described to promote distal tarsal joint ankylosis. Its use and results in clinical cases affected by osteoarthritis (OA) have not reported. Objectives: To describe evaluate the of treatment OA facilitated ankylosis stimulated intra‐articular injection. Methods: Twenty‐four horses met inclusion criteria tarsometatarsal centrodistal diagnosed a positive response analgesia, radiographic evaluation recurrence lameness...

Synopsis Salamanders and newts (urodeles) are often used as a model system to elucidate the evolution of tetrapod locomotion. Studies range from detailed descriptions musculoskeletal anatomy segment kinematics, bone loading mechanics inferring central pattern generators. A further area interest has been in vivo muscle activity patterns, measured through electromyography (EMG). However, most prior EMG work primarily focused on muscles forelimb or hindlimb specific species axial others. Here...

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered as a major global concern by the World Health Organization. Evidence growing on importance of circulation MDR bacterial populations between animals and humans. Horses have been shown to carry commensal isolates this species can act human bacteria reservoirs. In study, we characterized an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. sequence type (ST) 348 isolate from horse, ST for first time reported in animal, using...

Emus ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) are exclusively terrestrial, bipedal and cursorial ratites with some similar biomechanical characteristics to humans. Their growth rates impressive as their body mass increases eighty-fold from hatching adulthood whilst maintaining the same mode of locomotion throughout life. These ontogenetic stimulate questions about strategies that allow emus cope rapid locomotion, which can be partly addressed via scaling (allometric) analysis morphology. In this study...

Abstract Meloxicam is a widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug in avian species. However, variability pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters birds warrants species‐specific studies for dose dosing interval optimization. We performed perioperative PK study of meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, intravenously) on emus three different age groups: 3 chicks (5 weeks old, 3.5 kg), 4 juveniles (26 18.8 kg) 6 adults (66 38.8 kg). A two‐compartment population model including weight as...

Understanding the diversity of skeletal loading regimes in vertebrate long bones during locomotion has been significantly enhanced by application planar strain theory (PST) to vivo bone data. PST is used model distribution longitudinal strains normal bone's transverse cross-section and location neutral axis bending. To our knowledge, this biomechanics not experimentally validated. We evaluated accuracy using measurements from emu tibiotarsi instrumented with four gauges loaded ex four-point...

Objective— To report repair of a longitudinal scapular fracture in horse. Study Design— Case report. Animals— A 2‐year‐old Paint Horse colt. Methods— was surgically repaired using four 4.5 mm dynamic compression plates. Results— An acute returned the horse to soundness within 6 months. Conclusions— Internal fixation is possible with multiple 3–5 hole Clinical Relevance— Longitudinal fractures scapula should be considered when there lateral instability shoulder after trauma. displaced can...

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the prognostic value for survival blood parameters in immediate post-caesarean surgery period kids born from pregnancy toxaemia (PT) goats. This involved 10 PT goats, which a caesarean performed. Twenty-five were after 16 survived. A sample collected jugular vein goats and immediately (within 15 min). There differences between that survived did not survive concerning levels pH (7.22 vs 7.00), base excess (− 9 − 18 mmol/L), pCO 2 (46 62...

Abstract Colic is a serious disease for horses and the nutritional management of postoperative colic patients an extremely important field. The aim this retrospective study was to analyse different factors, especially related management, that may be associated with recovery length during hospitalization after surgical intervention colic, using multivariate model. Data were collected from records presented two hospitals undergoing surgery colic. (days) outcome interest taken into account as...

Height is the only factor used to differentiate horses and ponies for competitive purposes; any horse without shoes that less than 148 cm at highest point of withers can be classified as a pony. However, variations in height associated with anatomical other factors occur. In this study accuracy most commonly measuring procedure seven independent might affect apparent were evaluated skeletally mature 155 height. The results indicated there was an improvement 57 per cent measurement when...

Summary A horse presented with a discharging wound over the proximal aspect of right metatarsal region. Examination, radiography and ultrasonography diagnosed septic process within accessory ligament deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT). Due to previous unsuccessful treatment systemic antibiotics as well financial restrictions, an ALDDFT desmectomy was performed patient under standing sedation local analgesia. Histopathology confirmed affected structure. The made rapid recovery discharged...

Animals not only need to walk and run but also lie prone rest then stand up. Sit-to-stand (STS) sit-to-walk (STW) transitions are vital behaviours little studied in species other than humans so far, likely impose biomechanical constraints on limb design because they involve near-maximal excursions of joints that should require large length changes force production from muscles. By integrating data experiments into musculoskeletal simulations, we analysed joint motions, ground reaction...

Emus ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) are exclusively terrestrial, bipedal and cursorial ratites with some similar biomechanical characteristics to humans. Their growth rates impressive as their body mass increases eighty-fold from hatching adulthood whilst maintaining the same mode of locomotion throughout life. These ontogenetic stimulate questions about strategies that allow emus cope rapid locomotion, which can be partly addressed via scaling (allometric) analysis morphology. In this study...

The objective of this study was to describe prolonged surgical anaesthesia and recovery in fire salamanders ( Salamandra salamandra) using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). A total 14 were anaesthetised for electromyography wire implantation. Sodium bicarbonate buffered solutions (0.5–4 g l –1 ) MS-222 prepared (adjusted pH 7.0). Anaesthesia induced by partial immersion pre-oxygenated 3 solution 20 min. Buprenorphine (0.5 mg kg administered subcutaneously. During microsurgery, heart rate...