Significance Plague is infamous as the cause of Black Death (1347–1353) and later Second Pandemic (14th to 19th centuries CE), when devastating epidemics occurred throughout Europe, Middle East, North Africa. Despite historical significance disease, mechanisms underlying spread plague in Europe are poorly understood. While it commonly assumed that rats their fleas during Pandemic, there little archaeological support for such a claim. Here, we show human ectoparasites, like body lice fleas,...

Plague has a long history on the European continent, with evidence of disease dating back to Stone Age. epidemics in Europe during First and Second Pandemics, including Black Death, are infamous for their widespread mortality lasting social economic impact. Yet, still experienced plague outbreaks Third Pandemic, which began China spread globally at end nineteenth century. The digitization international records notifiable diseases, plague, enabled us retrace introductions from earliest...

Abstract In 2019, it was estimated that more than 50 million captive Atlantic salmon in Norway died the final stage of their production marine cages. This mortality represents a significant economic loss for producers and need to improve welfare farmed salmon. Single adverse events, such as algal blooms or infectious disease outbreaks, can explain mass However, little is known about production, health, environmental factors contribute baseline during sea phase. Here we conducted...

Emerging infectious diseases are one of the greatest public health challenges. Approximately three-quarters these animal origin. These include classical zoonoses maintained in humans only via transmission from other vertebrates (e.g., rabies) and those initiated by a successful one-off zoonotic event (host-switch) conjunction with efficient human-to-human H1N1 influenza). Here, we provide systematic review, meta-analysis spatial risk modeling, to identify major characteristics past epidemics...

Animal movements are an important pathway for the spread of pig diseases. Traceability systems provide data competent authorities to prevent and manage infectious disease outbreaks. In Norway, batch-level documented in Norwegian Livestock Register. The purpose our study was evaluate quality movement Register 2022. We assessed terms accuracy, completeness timeliness outbreak preparedness. used secondary governmental industry registers external validation. contained all variables needed...

Quantitative knowledge about which natural and anthropogenic factors influence the global spread of plague remains sparse. We estimated worldwide spreading velocity during Third Pandemic, using more than 200 years extensive human case records genomic data, analyzed association spatiotemporal environmental with velocity. Here, we show that two lineages, 2.MED 1.ORI3, significantly faster others, possibly reflecting differences among strains in transmission mechanisms virulence. Plague fastest...

On 3 August 1900, bubonic plague ( Yersinia pestis ) broke out in Glasgow for the first time during Third Pandemic. The local sanitary authorities rigorously tracked spread of disease and they found that nearly all 35 cases could be linked by contact with a previous case. Despite trapping hundreds rats area, there was no evidence rat epizootic investigators speculated outbreak due to human-to-human transmission plague. Here we use likelihood-based method reconstruct trees outbreak. From...

Early and accurate diagnosis is fundamental for successful surveillance control of maedi-visna virus (MVV). MVV was detected in Norway 2019, almost 14 years after the previous outbreak. Genetic analysis indicates persistence sheep population since 2005. The not despite continuous serological surveillance. This emphasises need improved surveillance, which relies on an understanding both diagnostic test performance, sampling strategy prevalence disease. study therefore aims to evaluate three...

Plague remains a threat to public health and is considered as re-emerging infectious disease today. Rodents play an important role major hosts in plague persistence driving outbreaks natural foci; however, few studies have tested the association between host diversity ecosystems human risk. Here we use zero-inflated generalized additive models examine of species richness with presence (where could occur) intensity (the average number annual cases when they occurred) China during Third...

Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the cause of colibacillosis outbreaks in young poultry chicks, resulting acute to peracute death. The high morbidity and mortality caused by results poor animal welfare, reduced sustainability economical loss worldwide. To advance understanding molecular epidemiology, genomic relatedness virulence traits APEC, we performed systematic sampling from 45 confirmed broiler flocks with first week (FWM) during 2018–2021. From these flocks, 219...

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) belong to the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. It has been reported that use glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin selected for a significant livestock-reservoir VRE in many European countries, including Norway. However, although was banned as feed-additive 1995, have unknown reasons consistently samples from Norwegian broilers. When banned, broiler-feed supplemented with polyether ionophore narasin order control diseases...

Abstract Background Several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by A virus subtype H5N8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry Europe during autumn 2020. Norway is one the few countries that had not previously detected HPAI virus, despite widespread active monitoring both domestic since 2005. Results We report detection a pink-footed goose ( Anser brachyrhynchus ), several other geese, ducks gull, from south-western November December Despite previous reports...

Syndromic surveillance (SyS) is an important tool for early warning and monitoring of health in human animal populations, but its use aquaculture has been limited. Our study objective was to design a SyS system Atlantic salmon evaluate performance detecting pancreas disease (PD) outbreaks caused by salmonid alphaviruses on farms. We defined outbreak alarms as cases where monthly farm mortality exceeded predefined cutoffs or deviated significantly from expected values based predictive...

<title>Abstract</title> Background Vaccination of farmed salmonids has been an integral part preventing infectious diseases in Norway’s aquaculture industry. The Norwegian government regulates the use vaccines and there is a need to monitor vaccine usage for both regulatory research purposes, at local national scales. Veterinary Prescription Register (VetReg) database that includes all prescriptions medicines animals dispensed by pharmacies used food producing veterinarians. purpose our...

Modern plague outbreaks exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern. By contrast, the seasonality of historical and its drivers has not been studied systematically. Here, we investigate pattern, epidemic peak timing growth rates, association with latitude, temperature, precipitation using large, novel dataset plague- all-cause mortality during Second Pandemic in Europe Mediterranean. We show that followed latitudinal gradient, mean annual temperature negatively associated timing. Based on modern...

Norway produces more than one million tonnes of salmonids every year, almost exclusively in open-water net pens. In 2014, the Norwegian government announced plans to increase salmonid production. However, increasing number farmed can have negative effects on marine environment that threaten industry's sustainability. particular, production growth lead an density-dependent diseases, including parasitic sea lice. The aim this study was simulate increased lice abundance using different...

Pancreas Disease (PD) is a viral disease caused by Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV). It affects farmed salmonids in the North Atlantic, and leads to reduced feed intake increased mortality with production welfare as consequence. In 2013, estimated cost of an outbreak on average salmon farm was about 6.6 mil €. Norway, PD has been notifiable since 2008, regulations mitigate spread are place. However, despite regulations, 140-170 farms affected every year. The aquaculture industry growing...

BackgroundThe surveillance of persons hospitalised with COVID-19 has been essential to ensure timely and appropriate public health response. Ideally, systems should distinguish from those due COVID-19.AimWe compared data in two national electronic registries Norway critically appraise inform the further development COVID-19.MethodWe included patients registered Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR) or Pandemic (NoPaR) admission dates between 17 February 2020 1 May 2022. We linked patients,...

Host density is a key driver in parasite population dynamics, and often the number of parasites increases rapidly with host density. In context Norwegian salmonid farming, this mechanism has led to disparity between desire increase cultured production, reduce negative effects infestations. Salmon lice infestations are detrimental animal welfare due salmon treatments spillover from farms wild salmonids. Here, we examine how redistribution farm biomass may hamper exchanges larvae farms,...

At the Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES, University of Oslo), a group biologists has been working decades to disentangle complex mechanisms plague epizootics epidemics in places where extant wild rodent reservoirs are present. These questions have approached through ecological climatic studies, mathematic modeling, as well genomics epidemiology. In 2013-2018, hosted ERC-project MedPlag, which explored past pandemics lenses additional disciplines, like archaeogenomics...

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease that primarily affects farmed Atlantic (Salmo salar), although some other salmonids are also susceptible (OIE, 2019a). The caused by infectious virus (ISAV), member of the genus Isavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. ISA has two main phenotypic variants based on sequence highly polymorphic region (HPR) gene segment 6: non-pathogenic ISAV-HPR0 and pathogenic ISAV-HPRΔ. ISAV-HPRΔ associated with clinical outbreaks farms (also referred to here as...

<title>Abstract</title> Background Animal movements are an important pathway for the spread of pig diseases. Traceability systems provide data competent authorities to prevent and manage infectious disease outbreaks. In Norway, batch-level documented in Norwegian Livestock Register. The purpose our study was evaluate quality movement Register 2022. We assessed terms accuracy, completeness timeliness outbreak preparedness. used secondary governmental industry registers external validation....

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important udder pathogen affecting goat milk production. The ability to detect goats with subclinical mastitis caused by S. essential in health control programs. In Norway, the industry recommends using somatic cell count (SCC) as a screening tool, and conventional bacterial culture (BC) confirmatory test for samples, but commercial qPCR, Mastitis 4 qPCR (DNA Diagnostics, Risskov, Denmark) also available. However, few studies have validated use of...