Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete bioactive factors that exert diverse responses in vivo. In the present study, we explored mechanism how MSCs may lead to higher functional recovery animal stroke model. Bone marrow-derived were transplanted into brain parenchyma 3 days after induction of by occluding middle cerebral artery for 2 h. Stoke induced proliferation resident neural subventricular zone. However, most new born underwent cell death and had a limited impact on stroke....

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to enhance the recovery brain functions following ischemic injury. Although immune modulation suggested be one mechanisms, molecular mechanisms underlying improved not clearly identified. Here, we report that MSCs secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) suppress propagation in rat brain. Ischemic stroke caused global death resident infarcted area, elevated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level, and evoked...

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to ameliorate a variety of neurological dysfunctions. This effect is believed be mediated by their paracrine functions, since these rarely differentiate into neuronal cells. It clinical interest whether neural induction MSCs beneficial for the replacement therapy diseases. Here we report that expression Neurogenin1 (Ngn1), proneural gene directs differentiation progenitor during development, sufficient convert mesodermal cell fate one....

The memory reconsolidation hypothesis suggests that a trace becomes labile after retrieval and needs to be reconsolidated before it can stabilized. However, is unclear from earlier studies whether the same synapses involved in encoding are those destabilized restabilized synaptic reactivation accompanies retrieval, or new different recruited. To address this issue, we studied simple nonassociative form of memory, long-term sensitization gill- siphon-withdrawal reflex Aplysia , its cellular...

Neurofibrillary tangles comprised of highly phosphorylated tau proteins are a key component Alzheimer's disease pathology. Mice lacking Reelin (Reln), double-knockouts the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) and ApoE receptor2 (ApoER2), mice disabled-1 (Dab1) display increased levels tau. Because Reln binds to recombinant receptors, assembly Reln/ApoE-receptor/Dab1 (RAD) complex may initiate signal transduction cascade that controls phosphorylation. Conversely, disruption this RAD increase phosphorylation...

NeuroD/BETA2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, has been shown to play role in tissue-specific differentiation of pancreatic and enteroendocrine cells. To gain further insight into the function neuroD/BETA2 nervous system development, we examined expression pattern during embryonic postnatal development by using situ hybridization. Dynamic changes central were observed embryogenesis, especially telencephalon, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, olfactory epithelium. Moderate...

Members of helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein family Id (inhibitor differentiation) dimerize with bHLH transcription factors and function as negative regulators differentiation during development. Most inhibitory roles proteins have been demonstrated in non-neural tissues, their the developing nervous system are not clearly demonstrated. In this study, we show that Id1, Id2, Id3 increase self-renewing proliferation potential cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) while inhibiting neuronal...

Abstract Suicide genes have recently emerged as an attractive alternative therapy for the treatment of various types intractable cancers. The efficacy suicide gene relies on efficient delivery to target tissues and localized concentration final products. Here, we showed a potential ex vivo that used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cellular vehicles deliver bacterial gene, cytosine deaminase (CD) brain tumors. MSCs were engineered produce CD enzymes at levels using different promoters. When...

The limited localization and penetration of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) into solid tumors restricts their antitumor efficacy. Here, we describe a tumor-targeting antibody with enhanced tumor activity. We designed 22-residue peptide (A22p), which was extracted from the C-terminal basic region semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) but modified to have higher affinity neuropilin receptors (NRP), genetically fused it C-terminus Fc human immunoglobulin G1 via 15-residue (G4S)3 linker, generating Fc-A22p, for...

Inheritance of the ε4 allele apolipoprotein E gene (<i>APOE4</i>) is a major risk factor for development Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although association between <i>APOE4</i> and AD well documented, mechanism by which exerts an isoform-specific effect on neurons in unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that apoE4 stimulates transcriptional activity cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade rat primary hippocampal neurons....

Mesenchymal stem cells are able to trans-differentiate into nonmesodermal lineage cells. Here, we identified downstream signaling molecules required for acquisition of neuron-like traits by mesenchymal following the elevation intracellular cAMP levels. We found that forskolin induced morphology and expression neuron-specific enolase neurofilament-200 in Forskolin sequentially activated protein kinase A B-regulation alpha-fetoprotein (Raf), which led phosphorylation extracellular...

Sin-Young Park, Subash Marasini, Geu-Hee Kim, Taeyun Ku, Chulhee Choi, Min-Young Eun-Hee Young-Don Lee, Haeyoung Suh-Kim and Sung-Soo Kim*. Exp Neurobiol 2014;23:104-14. https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2014.23.1.104

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive dysfunction and degeneration of motor neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). In absence effective drug treatments for ALS, stem cell treatment has emerged as a candidate therapy this disease. To date, however, there no consensus protocol that stipulates types, transplantation timing, or frequency. Using an ALS mouse model carrying high copy number mutant human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) G93A transgene, we...

Abstract: Although abundant Go has been found in nervous tissues and it implicated neuronal differentiation, the mechanism of how modulates differentiation not defined. Here, we report that α subunit (αo) neurite outgrowth by interfering with signaling pathway initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP). In F11 cells, cAMP induced activated cAMP‐responsive element binding protein (CREB). Specific inhibition cAMP‐dependent kinase reduced both CREB activity (NOG). Interestingly, phosphorylation extracellular...

Influences of light-dark (LD) cycle and moonlight exposure on plasma melatonin rhythms in the seagrass rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus, a lunar synchronized spawner, were determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). When fish exposed to natural LD (12:12) cycle, levels exhibited clear daily rhythm, with higher at midnight lower during day. These not evident under either constant light (LL) or dark (DD) conditions. Plasma LL condition low high DD condition. results indicate that...

Abstract: Melatonin receptors are expressed in neural and peripheral tissues mediate melatonin actions on the regulation of circadian rhythms various species. For overall understanding ‘circa’ golden rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus , which exhibits restricted lunar‐related spawns synchronously around first quarter moon, aim present study was to clone a receptor (Mel lb ) cDNA examine daily variations Mel mRNA expression certain rabbitfish. The full‐length (1808 bp) contained an open reading...

The Cre/LoxP system is a well-established approach to spatially and temporally control genetic inactivation. calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIα) promoter limits expression specific regions of the forebrain thus has been utilized for brain-specific inactivation genes. Here, we show that CaMKIIα-Cre can be simultaneous genes in adult brain male germ cells. Double transgenic Rosa26+/stop-lacZ::CaMKIIα-Cre+/Cre mice generated by crossing CaMKIIα-Cre+/Cre with...

Significance Early studies indicated that two olfactory systems in mammals play distinct roles: The main system detects general odorants, and the accessory pheromones. Using heterotrimeric G o protein-deficient mice, we show pheromone detection by is necessary for initiation of mating behavior toward opposite sex plays a key role this process regulating development epithelium differentiation dopaminergic interneurons bulb. Our findings provide basis identifying receptors understanding...

Abstract: Stress‐activated protein kinase/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) is activated by a variety of cellular or environmental stresses. Proper regulation the SAPK/JNK pathway may be critical for cell survival death under various conditions. In this study, we report molecular cloning novel isoforms JIP‐1, which harbor putative phosphotyrosine interaction domain and helix‐loop‐helix domain, as well an SH3 homologous region in C terminus. Northern analysis indicates that transcription...

Reelin, an extracellular glycoprotein has important role in the proper migration and positioning of neurons during brain development. Lack reelin causes not only disorganized lamination cerebral cerebellar cortex but also malpositioning mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. However, accurate mDA is fully elucidated. In this study, reelin-deficient reeler mice exhibited a significant loss substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) severe alteration cell distribution retrorubal field (RRF). This...

CREB mediates the transcriptional effects of glucose and incretin hormones in insulin-target cells insulin-producing β-cells. Although inhibition activity is known to decrease β-cell mass, it still unknown what factors inversely alter signaling pathway Here, we show that dysfunctions occurring chronic hyperglycemia are not caused by simple but rather persistent activation due decreases protein phophatase PP2A. When freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets were chronically exposed 25 mM (high)...