The most widespread dietary problem in the world is mineral deficiency. We used nicotianamine synthase ( NAS ) gene to increase contents rice grains. Nicotianamine (NA) a chelator of metals and key component metal homeostasis. isolated activation-tagged mutant lines which expression gene, OsNAS3 , was increased by introducing 35S enhancer elements. Shoots roots plants OsNAS3-D1 accumulated more Fe Zn. Seeds from our grown on paddy field contained elevated amounts (2.9-fold), Zn (2.2-fold),...

Summary In this review, we untangle the physiological key functions of essential micronutrients and link them to deficiency responses in plants. Knowledge these at mechanistic level, resulting symptoms, have improved over last decade it appears timely review recent insights for each them. A proper understanding links between function symptom is indispensable an accurate identification nutritional disorders, thereby informing design development sustainable fertilization strategies. Similarly,...

The increasing prevalence of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies in human populations worldwide has stressed the need for more information about distribution chemical speciation these elements cereal products. In order to investigate aspects, barley grains were fractionated into awns, embryo, bran endosperm analysed Fe Zn. Simultaneously, phosphorus (P) sulfur (S) determined since are major constituents phytic acid proteins, respectively, compounds which potentially involved Zn binding. A...

Summary We generated rice lines with increased content of nicotianamine (NA), a key ligand for metal transport and homeostasis. This was accomplished by activation tagging synthase 2 ( OsNAS2 ). Enhanced expression the gene resulted in elevated NA levels, greater Zn accumulations improved plant tolerance to deficiency. Expression Zn‐uptake genes those biosynthesis phytosiderophores (PS) were transgenic plants. suggests that higher amount led exudation PS from roots, as well stimulated...

Understanding the accumulation and distribution of essential nutrients in cereals is primary importance for improving nutritional quality this staple food. While recent studies have improved understanding micronutrient loading into barley grain, a detailed characterization micronutrients within grain still lacking. High-definition synchrotron X-ray fluorescence was used to investigate association elements at micro scale. Micronutrient scutellum embryo shown be highly variable between...

Quantitative multi-elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry depends on a complete digestion of solid samples. However, fast and thorough sample is challenging analytical task which constitutes bottleneck in modern analysis. Additional obstacles may be that quantities are limited elemental concentrations low. In such cases, small volumes with minimum dilution contamination required order to obtain high accuracy data.We have developed micro-scaled microwave procedure...

Summary Low concentration of zinc (Zn) in the endosperm cereals is a major factor contributing to Zn deficiency human populations. We have investigated how combined and nitrogen (N) fertilization affects speciation localization durum wheat ( Triticum ). Zn‐binding proteins were analysed with liquid chromatography ICP ‐ MS Orbitrap 2 , respectively. Laser ablation simultaneous Zn, sulphur (S) phosphorus (P) detection was used for bioimaging its potential ligands. Increasing N supply had...

Foliar application of nutrient nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising strategy for improving fertilization efficiency in agriculture. Phloem translocation NPs from leaves required efficient but currently considered to be feasible only smaller than cell wall pore size exclusion limit <20 nm. Using mass spectrometry imaging, we provide here the first direct evidence phloem localization and larger (∼70 nm) fertilizer NP comprised ZnO encapsulated mesoporous SiO2 (ZnO@MSN) following foliar...

Heavy metal pumps (P1B-ATPases) are important for cellular heavy homeostasis. AtHMA4, an Arabidopsis thaliana pump of importance plant Zn2+ nutrition, has extended C-terminal domain containing 13 cysteine pairs and a terminal stretch 11 histidines. Using novel size-exclusion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry approach we report that the AtHMA4 is high affinity Cd2+ chelator with capacity to bind 10 ions per C terminus. When expressed in Zn2+-sensitive zrc1 cot1...

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the state-of-the-art technique for multi-elemental analysis of plant tissue. It provides a powerful tool in functional genomics, linking altered elemental profiles mutants with gene expression and function. In addition, its unmatched sensitivity, ICP-MS enables characterization substrate specificity regulation membrane transport proteins. Digestion tissue has traditionally represented bottleneck due to low capacity commercially...

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element in all living organisms, but toxic excess. Several plant species are able to accumulate Zn at extraordinarily high concentrations the leaf epidermis without showing any toxicity symptoms. However, molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon still poorly understood. A state-of-the-art quantitative 2D liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach was used investigate abundance proteins involved hyperaccumulation epidermal...

Summary Elevated nicotianamine synthesis in roots of A rabidopsis halleri has been established as a zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulation factor. The main objective this study was to elucidate the mechanism nicotianamine‐dependent root‐to‐shoot translocation metals. Metal tolerance and accumulation wild‐type ( WT ) Ah NAS 2 ‐ RNA interference i) plants were analysed. Xylem exudates subjected speciation analysis metabolite profiling. Suppression root had no effect on Zn cadmium (Cd) but rendered nickel...

Better understanding of root function is central for the development plants with more efficient nutrient uptake and translocation. We here present a method multielement bioimaging at cellular level in roots genetic model system Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using conventional protocols microscopy, we observed that diffusible ions such as potassium sodium were lost during sample dehydration. Thus, developed protocol preserves their native, environment. Briefly, fresh are encapsulated...

Oxygen is a prerequisite for all large and motile animals. It puzzling paradox that fossils of benthic animals are often found in black shales with geochemical evidence deposition marine environments anoxic sulfidic bottom waters. debated whether the proxies unreliable, affected by diagenesis, or transported from afar perhaps were not benthic. Here, we improved stratigraphic resolution anoxia records 100-1000 fold using core-scanning X-Ray Fluorescence established centennial record oxygen...

Establishment of the apoplastic root barrier known as Casparian strip occurs early in development. In legumes, this area overlaps with nitrogen-fixing nodule formation, which raises possibility that nodulation and formation are connected. Nodules also contain strips, yet, case, their role is unknown. We established mutants defective barriers Lotus japonicus . This revealed effective blockage endodermis important for root-to-shoot signals underlying nodulation. Our findings further nodules,...

Summary Zinc (Zn) excess negatively impacts primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana . Yet, the effects of Zn on specific processes tip (RT) remain largely unexplored. Transcriptomics, ionomics, and metabolomics were used to examine impact RT compared with remaining (RR). exposure resulted a shortened apical meristem elongation zone, differentiation initiating closer root. accumulated at lower concentration than RR. This pattern was associated expression homeostasis iron (Fe) deficiency...

The effect of carbon dioxide on the NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion copper was studied using in situ Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, scanning Kelvin probe, and electron microscopy/energy-dispersive analysis by X-ray. surface contaminated with a single NaCl particle then exposed to relative humidity clean humidified air two concentrations ( 350 ppm). After formation an electrolyte droplet secondary spreading from peripherical parts observed. effect, which much larger at than...

Manganese (Mn) deficiency affects various processes in plant shoots. However, the functions of Mn roots and involved root adaptation to are largely unresolved. Here, we show that suberization endodermal cells barley (Hordeum vulgare) is altered response deficiency, intensity ultimately determines whether increases or decreases. Mild increased length unsuberized zone close tip, distance from tip at which fully suberized developed. By contrast, strong closer tip. Upon resupply, was identical...

Abstract The formation of corrosion products was followed during the atmospheric open and confined zinc surfaces exposed to periodic wet dry conditions. exposure consisted immersion samples in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions by laboratory air for different time periods. Phases were identified Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) x-ray diffraction (XRD), while relative proportions determined FTIR. Three main components on surfaces, namely oxide (ZnO), hydrozincite (Zn5[OH]6[CO3]2),...

The atmospheric corrosion of copper has been investigated after deposition sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and 10 days subsequent exposure to clean, humidified air below, near, above the point deliquescence NaCl (at around 75% relative humidity [RH]). Microgravimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with x-ray microanalysis, Kelvin probe were used identify processes products. resulted in evenly distributed particle clusters a diameter...