Arabidopsis thaliana is a host for the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Juvenile nematodes invade roots and induce development of syncytium, which functions as feeding site nematode. Here, we report on transcriptome syncytia induced in Arabidopsis. Microaspiration was employed to harvest pure syncytium material, then used prepare RNA hybridization Affymetrix GeneChips. Initial data analysis showed that gene expression at 5 15 days post-infection did not differ greatly, so both...

Abstract During the interaction between sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes and their host, complex morphological physiological changes occur in infected plant tissue, finally resulting establishment of a nematode feeding site. This cellular transformation is result altered gene expression most likely induced by proteins injected cell nematode. Here, we report on identification WRKY transcription factor expressed during infection. Using both promoter-reporter fusions situ reverse...

Heterodera schachtii, a plant-parasitic cyst nematode, invades host roots and induces specific syncytial feeding structure, from which it withdraws all required nutrients, causing severe yield losses. The system H. schachtii-Arabidopsis is an excellent research model for investigating plant defence mechanisms. Such responses are suppressed in well-established syncytia, whereas they induced during early parasitism. However, the mechanisms by modulated role of phytohormones largely unknown....

Summary Parasitism of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is characterized by formation syncytial feeding structures in host root. Syncytia are formed fusion root cells, accompanied local cell wall degradation, protoplasts and hypertrophy. Expansins wall‐loosening proteins involved growth disassembly. In this study, we analysed whether members expansin gene family specifically developmentally regulated during syncytium roots Arabidopsis thaliana . We used PCR to screen a cDNA library...

The dsRNA-binding protein Staufen was the first RNA-binding proven to play a role in RNA localization Drosophila . A mammalian homolog, Staufen1 (Stau1), has been implicated dendritic neurons, translational control, and mRNA decay. However, precise mechanisms by which it fulfills these specific roles are only partially understood. To determine its physiological functions, murine Stau1 gene disrupted homologous recombination. Homozygous stau1 tm1Apa mutant mice express truncated lacking...

Cyst nematodes invade the roots of their host plants as second stage juveniles and induce a syncytium which is only source nutrients throughout life. A recent transcriptome analysis syncytia induced by beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis has shown that thousands genes are up-regulated or down-regulated compared to root segments from uninfected plants. Among many code for WRKY transcription factors. contains 66 with 59 represented ATH1 GeneChip. Of these, 28 were...

Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes infect plants and form highly sophisticated feeding sites in roots. It is not known which plant cell signalling mechanisms trigger defence during the early stages of nematode parasitism. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are central components phosphorylation cascades transducing extracellular signals to responses. MAPK phosphatases control kinase activities outcome. The involvement role MPK3 MPK6, as well phosphatase AP2C1, demonstrated parasitism beet...

The plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in the roots of host plants. Nematode-induced syncytia become strong sink tissues solute circulation system as parasites start withdrawing nutrients. In present work, expression pattern phloem-specific sucrose transporter AtSUC4 (also described AtSUT4) is analysed induced by H. and it compared with that AtSUC2, another transporter, which expressed syncytia. temporal was monitored GUS-tests real-time...

* In plants, UDP-glucuronic acid is synthesized by the oxidation of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase or oxygenation free myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX). Arabidopsis, encoded four genes. Transcriptome analysis syncytia induced cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis roots revealed that MIOX genes are among most strongly upregulated We have used beta-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis, situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and real-time RT-PCR to study expression all H....

We are quickly gaining insights into the mechanisms and functions of plant-mutualist relationships with common overarching aim exploiting them to enhance food security crop resilience. There is a growing mass research describing various benefits plant-mutualistic fungi, including increased nutrition, yields, tolerance biotic abiotic factors. The bulk this has been focused on arbuscular mycorrhiza; however, there now an expansion toward other plant mutualistic fungi. Contrary established...

Summary Cyst nematodes induce root syncytia with specific features such as hypertrophy, increased metabolic activity and fusion adjacent cells. Cell walls of the undergo massive changes thickening, local dissolution formation ingrowths. wall degrading modifying proteins are apparently involved in syncytium but detailed knowledge this is still limited. Therefore, we studied regulation function entire Arabidopsis endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase gene family induced by Heterodera schachtii ....

The plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii stimulates plant root cells to form syncytial feeding structures which synthesize all nutrients required for successful development. Cellular re-arrangements and modified metabolism of the syncytia are accompanied by massive intra- intercellular solute allocations. In this study expression genes annotated as sugar transporters in Arabidopsis Membrane Protein Library was investigated Affymetrix gene chip analysis young fully developed compared...

The beneficial endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica colonizes the roots of many plant species, including model Arabidopsis thaliana. Its colonization promotes growth, development, and seed production as well resistance to various biotic abiotic stresses. In present work, P. was tested potential antagonist sedentary plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. This biotrophic cyst-forming induces severe host damage by changing morphogenesis physiology infected roots. Here it is shown...

Pectin in the primary plant cell wall is thought to be responsible for its porosity, charge density, and microfibril spacing main component of middle lamella. Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete wall-degrading enzymes that macerate tissue, facilitating penetration migration within roots. In sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, these are released only during infective juveniles through root. Later, manipulate expression host genes, including various enzymes, order induce specific feeding sites....

Gall forming phylloxera may compete for nutrients with meristematic tissues and develop heterotrophic structures that act as carbon sinks. In this work, we studied the underlying starch metabolism, sink-source translocation of soluble sugars towards within root galls. We demonstrated nodosities store carbohydrates by accumulation monitored expression genes involved in metabolic. Thereby proved nodosity is symplastically connected to source through its development metabolism significantly...

Summary The beet cyst nematode H eterodera schachtii induces syncytia in the roots of A rabidopsis thaliana , which are its only nutrient source. One gene, At1g64110 that is strongly up‐regulated as shown by RT ‐ PCR quantitative situ and promoter:: GUS lines, encodes an AAA +‐type ATP ase. Expression two related genes syncytia, At4g28000 At5g52882 was not detected or different from control root segments. Using ami RNA lines T‐ DNA mutants, we show important for syncytium development. also...

Manipulation of sugar metabolism upon S. indica root colonization triggers changes in pools and defense responses A. thaliana. Serendipita is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with many different plants including important crops as well the model plant Successful typically results growth promotion enhanced tolerance against various biotic abiotic stresses. The delivers phosphorus to host receives exchange carbohydrates. There are hints prefers hexoses, glucose,...

The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces a feeding site, called syncytium, in roots of host plants. In Arabidopsis, one the genes whose expression is strongly induced these structures Pdf2.1 which codes for an antimicrobial plant defensin. Arabidopsis has 13 defensin genes. Besides Pdf2.1, Pdf2.2 and Pdf2.3 were expressed syncytia therefore all three Pdf was studied detail. promoter gene turned out to be interesting candidate drive syncytium-specific foreign as RT-PCR showed that...

Abstract Main conclusion Upon systemic S. indica colonization in split-root system cyst and root-knot nematodes benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation altered defense responses what significantly facilitates their development A. thaliana . Serendipita is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with different plants including Arabidopsis It enhances host’s growth resistance to abiotic biotic stresses such as infestation by the nematode Heterodera schachtii...

Above- and belowground plant parts are simultaneously attacked by different pests pathogens. The host mediates these interactions physiologically reacts, e.g. with local systemic alterations of endogenous hormone levels coupled coordinated transcriptional changes. This in turn affects attractiveness susceptibility the to subsequent attackers. Here, model Arabidopsis thaliana is used study stress hormone-based responses triggered simultaneous root parasitism cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii...

The endophytic fungi Serendipita indica and S. vermifera have recently gained increasing attention due to their beneficial effects on plant growth health. Little is known about other species, such as williamsii herbamans. To test biocontrol growth-promoting potential, susceptible tolerant tomato cultivars (Kremser Perle Micro-Tom, respectively) were inoculated with williamsii, herbamans, indica, or challenged the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in greenhouse...