The melanization reaction induced by activated phenoloxidase in arthropods must be tightly controlled because of excessive formation quinones and systemic damage to the hosts. However, molecular mechanism which phenoloxidase-induced melanin synthesis is regulated vivo largely unknown. It known that Spätzle-processing enzyme a key production cleaved Spätzle from pro-Spätzle Drosophila Toll pathway. Here, we provide biochemical evidence Tenebrio molitor converts both 79-kDa prophenoloxidase...

The insect Toll signaling pathway is activated upon recognition of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, resulting in the expression antimicrobial peptides via NF-kappaB-like transcription factor. This activation mediated by a serine protease cascade leading to processing Spätzle, which generates functional ligand receptor. Recently, we identified three proteases mediating induced lysine-type peptidoglycan bacteria. However, identities downstream components Gram-negative-binding protein 3...

The recognition of lysine-type peptidoglycans (PG) by the PG complex has been suggested to cause activation serine protease cascade leading processing Spätzle and subsequent Toll signaling pathway. So far, two proteases involved in pathway have identified. One is a modular functioning as an initial enzyme be recruited into complex. other Drosophila (SPE), terminal that converts pro-protein its processed form capable binding receptor. However, it remains unclear how signal transferred...

Recognition of lysine-type peptidoglycan by recognition protein (PGRP)-SA provokes the activation Toll and prophenoloxidase pathways. Here we reveal that a soluble fragment peptidoglycan, long glycan chain with short stem peptides, is potent activator Drosophila pathway cascade in beetle Tenebrio molitor. Using this fragment, present biochemical evidence clustering PGRP-SA molecules on required for cascade. We subsequently highlight lysozyme-mediated partial digestion highly cross-linked...

Some synthetic lipopeptides, in addition to native lipoproteins derived from both Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasmas, are known activate TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2). However, the inherent Gram-positive bacteria, which function as ligands, have not been characterized. Here, we purified a lipoprotein homogeneity Staphylococcus aureus study ligand. The 33-kDa was capable of stimulating identified triacylated SitC lipoprotein, belongs family ATP binding cluster (ABC) transporter...

Although edible bird's nest (EBN) has been shown to potentiate mitogenic responses, scientific evidence of its efficacy is still limited. In addition, human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are increasingly accepted as a source for cell therapy. Therefore, the aim this study was investigate effects EBN extract (EBNE) on proliferation hADSCs and action mechanisms. We found that EBNE strongly promoted hADSCs. EBNE-induced be mediated through production IL-6 VEGF, which induced by activation...

Immunostimulants play an important role in the treatment of immunodeficiency. Macrophages are first line our immune defense system and a critical response. Therefore, finding new better substances to induce response by activating macrophages is attractive research topic, especially fields immunopharmacology cancer prevention. Keratinocytes actively crosstalk with cells during wound repair, so enhancing function keratinocytes also part improving immunity. Beta-glucans naturally occurring...

Loliolide is a monoterpenoid hydroxylactone found in many algae, including fresh water green Prasiola japonica. To date, loliolide and compounds P. japonica have not been studied systematically with respect to skin pharmacology. In this study, we investigated oxidative stress-protective anti-melanogenic effects of ethanol extract (Pj-EE), known contain loliolide, human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells mouse melanoma (B16F10) cells. suppressed the transcription genes encoding matrix...

Madecassoside (MA), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asitica (L.), is used as therapeutic agent in wound healing and also an anti-inflammatory anti-aging agent. However, the involvement of MA skin-pigmentation has not been reported. This study was conducted to investigate effects on ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis mechanisms co-culture system keratinocytes melanocytes. significantly inhibited UVR-induced melanin synthesis melanosome transfer system. These were further...

Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity, which a major risk factor for many disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. This study shows that ultraviolet A (UVA) inhibits adipogenic differentiation human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells its action mechanisms. The mRNA levels peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), but not ((C/EBP) β δ, were reduced by UVA. Moreover,...

The accumulation of free radicals and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the skin plays a very important role aging. Both are known to interact with each other. Therefore, natural compounds or extracts that possess both antioxidant antiglycation activities might have great antiageing potential. Akebia quinata fruit extract (AQFE) has been used treat urinary tract inflammatory disease traditional Korean Chinese medicines. In present study, AQFE was demonstrated activity. protects human...

Zea mays L. (Z. mays) has been used for human consumption in the various forms of meal, cooking oil, thickener sauces and puddings, sweetener processed food beverage products, bio-disel. However, especially, case husk extract Z. mays, little is known about its anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study, effects (ZMHE) mechanisms action were investigated.The husks Mays harvested kangwondo, Korea. To assess activities ZMHE, we examined ZMHE on nitric oxide (NO) production, release...

Purpose: The current study aimed to assess the use of <i>Oenothera biennis</i> flower extract (OBFE) as a cosmetic ingredient exhibiting potential skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory activities.Methods: O. biennis flowers were extracted with 70% ethanol used in experiments confirm efficacy. Several criteria related skin soothing, such antioxidant activity, barrier enhancement, moisturization, sebum secretion control, effects, evaluated. Antioxidant activity was determined via...

Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata, Chuanxinlian), a medicinal herb with an extremely bitter taste that is native to China and other parts of Southeast Asia, possesses immense therapeutic value; however, its properties have rarely been applied in the field skin care. In this study, we investigated effect A. extract (APE) on human epidermal stem cells (EpSCs), confirmed anti-aging through vitro, ex vivo, vivo study. An MTT assay was used determine cell proliferation. A flow cytometric...

Synopsis Objective This study aimed to investigate the anti‐acne properties of phloretin in vitro and vivo . Methods Anti‐microbial activity against P ropionibacterium acnes ( acnes), granulosum granulosum) S taphylococcus epidermidis epidermidis) were observed by minimum inhibitory concentration MIC ) disc diffusion methods. The anti‐inflammatory effects studied H a C T cells based on acnes‐ induced inflammatory mediators, including PGE 2 COX ‐2, examined through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent...

Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) has been used historically in traditional Asian medicine and is known to have a variety of biological effects. However, the specific active compounds responsible for individual pharmacological effects (B. pilosa) extract not yet made clear. This study aimed investigate anti-inflammatory phytochemicals obtained from B. pilosa. We isolated flavonoids-type phytochemical, isookanin, through bioassay-guided fractionation based on its capacity inhibit inflammation....

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting facial skin. It associated with immune and vascular dysfunction mediated via increased expression activity of cathelicidin kallikrein 5 (KLK5), serine protease stratum corneum. Therefore, KLK5 inhibitors are considered as therapeutic agents for improving the underlying pathophysiology clinical manifestation rosacea. Here, we isolated active constituents Artemisia lavandulaefolia (A. lavandulaefolia) investigated their inhibitory effect on...

Hair loss is caused by various factors. Impacts of these factors are often overlapped and intensified. Currently, mitigation hair being studied proliferating dermal papilla cells (DPCs) inhibiting deleterious such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) oxidative stress on growth. Camellia japonica (C. japonica) fruit shell a discarded part. Its biological activity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the capacity C. extract (CJFSE) for mitigation.MTT assay, spheroid culture...

Rosacea is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease that characterized by dysfunction of the immune vascular system. The excessive production activation kallikerin 5 (KLK5) cathelicidin have been implicated in pathogenesis rosacea. Coptis chinensis Franch (CC) has used as medicinal herb traditional oriental medicine. However, little known about efficacy mechanism action CC In this study, we evaluate effect its molecular on rosacea human epidermal keratinocytes. capacity to downregulate...

Citrus contain various flavonoids and alkaloids that have multiple biological activities. It is known the immature contains larger amounts of bioactive components, than do mature plants. Although are well for their activities, not previously been assessed. In this study, we identified synephrine as an active compound from unshiu, investigated effect on eotaxin-1 expression. Eotaxin-1 a potent chemoattractant eosinophils, critical mediator, during development eosinophilic inflammation. We...

Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a critical mediator of angiogenesis, and unregulated angiogenic responses often involve human diseases. The importance regulating angiogenesis in inflammatory diseases has been demonstrated through some successful cases anti-angiogenesis therapies related diseases, including arthritis, but it reported that synthetic types antiangiogenic drugs have potential side effects. In recent years, the finding alternative strategies for begun to attract...

Natural components that can exert a wide range of anti-hair loss activity with fewer side effects are in high demand. The objective this study was to investigate the potential Silybum marianum flower extract (SMFE) vitro and vivo.