Abstract To elucidate the role and pathological dynamics of activated microglia, this study assessed phagocytic, immunophenotypic, morphological, migratory properties microglia in medial forebrain bundle (MFB) axotomized rat brain. Activated were identified using two different monoclonal antibodies: ED1 for phagocytic activity OX6 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Phagocytic characterized by ED1‐immunoreactivity or ED1‐ OX6‐immunoreactivity, appeared MFB substantia nigra (SN)...

To treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), drugs must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Patients with PD are deficient in dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter that cannot pass through BBB. Liposomes modified by adding polyethylene glycol (PEGylated liposomes (PLs)) can conjugated antibody form DA-PEGylated immunoliposomes (DA-PILs), and we tested their use carriers of DA for treating PD.PEGylated (PLs) were prepared evaporation method, [(3) H]dopamine...

Background: We endeavored to examine the impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on degeneration dopaminergic neurons by employing medial forebrain bundle (MFB) axotomy model, a recognized animal model Parkinson’s disease. Methods: The MFB Wistar rats was lesioned and animals were sacrificed at 7, 14 28 days post-lesion for immunofluorescent staining. Additionally, in some experimental animals, hydroethidine injected into abdominal cavity 30 minutes before sacrifice presence ROS within brain...

During evolution, herpesviruses have developed numerous, and often very ingenious, strategies to counteract efficient host immunity. Specifically, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) eludes immunity by undergoing a dormant stage, called latency wherein it expresses minimal number of viral proteins evade immune activation. Here, we show that during latency, KSHV hijacks the complement pathway promote cell survival. We detected strong deposition membrane attack complex C5b-9...

Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) plays important roles in the development and plasticity of brain, has also been reported to exhibit potent neuroprotective properties. Although ErbB4, a key NRG1 receptor, is expressed multiple regions adult animal little known about its role Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD characterized by progressive impairment cognition behavioral disturbance that strongly correlate with degeneration death neurons cerebral cortex limbic brain areas, such as hippocampus amygdala. Here, we...

Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) has been proposed to act as a putative reactive oxygen species scavenger in mitochondria.When apoptotic cell death is triggered, AIF translocates the nucleus, where it leads nuclear chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation which result caspase-independent neuronal death.We performed this study investigate possibility that, addition caspase-dependent death, induced could be cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD).We have found that immunoreactivity...

The demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system involve myelin abnormalities, oligodendrocyte damage, and consequent glia activation. Neurotoxicant cuprizone (CPZ) was used to establish a mouse model demyelination. However, effects CPZ on microRNA (miRNA) expression behavior have not been clearly reported. We analyzed mice administered diet containing 0.2% for 6 weeks, followed by weeks recovery. Rotarod analysis demonstrated that treated group had poorer motor coordination than...

Sleep disorders are great problems in modern society. Even minimal changes of sleep can affect health. Especially, patients with pulmonary diseases complain such as disturbance and insomnia. Recent studies have shown an association between deprivation (SD) inflammation, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In present study, we investigated whether melatonin protects against acute lung inflammation SD. Male ICR mice were deprived using modified multiplatform water bath for 3...

Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) signaling participates in the synaptic plasticity, maintenance or regulation of adult brain. Although ErbB4, a key NRG1 receptor, is expressed multiple regions animal brain, little known about its localization Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. We previously reported that ErbB4 immunoreactivity showed regional difference hippocampus age-matched control. In present paper, immunohistochemical characterization distribution receptor relative to pathology staging were performed...

It has been reported that stressful events in early life influence behavior adulthood and are associated with different psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar anxiety disorder. Maternal separation (MS) is a representative animal model for reproducing childhood stress. used an well-known effects, increasing causing abnormalities the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study investigated effect of MS on or aggression-like number...

The hippocampus is one of the most important brain areas cognition.This region particularly sensitive to hypoxia and ischemia.Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) has been shown be able protect against focal cerebral ischemia.The aim present study was investigate neuroprotective effect NRG1 in primary hippocampal neurons its underlying mechanism.Our data showed oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cytotoxicity overexpression ErbB4 neurons.Moreover, pretreatment with could inhibit OGD-induced ErbB4.In...

The magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a technology that can image the concentrations of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) which be used in biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics as non-radioactive tracers. We proposed point-of-care testing MPI system (PoCT-MPI) for preclinical use small rodents (mice) injected with SPIONs not only laboratories, but also at emergency sites far from laboratories. In particular, we applied frequency mixing detection method to PoCT-MPI,...

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key molecule in Alzheimer's disease. prevailing view that APP initially transported to the plasma membrane as full-length protein. Its localization at cell surface can trigger downstream signaling and cleavage. Our previous work has shown Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) neuroprotective effects an disease model. In present study, we examine whether NRG1 involved expression non-amyloidogenic processing neuronal cells. Here show increased of without changing total...

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) exhibits potent neuroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate antioxidative effects and underlying mechanisms NRG1 against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in primary rat cortical neurons. expression level excitatory amino acid carrier (EAAC1) protein measured by Western blotting immunocytochemistry. levels lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, GPx mitochondrial...

Abstract Occlusion of the major cerebral artery usually results in brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, which evokes neuroinflammation and microglial activation. Activated microglia are considered a source multiple neurotoxic factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), central nervous system (CNS). We herein present 3D-rendering imaging technique an experimental rodent model ischemia based on 2D magnetic images superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) using planar frequency mixing...

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and c-Jun play key roles in either cell death or survival, depending on the cellular background. To evaluate functional significance of ATF3/c-Jun peripheral nervous system, we examined neuronal death, activation ATF3/c-Jun, microglial responses facial motor nuclei up to 24 weeks after an extracranial nerve axotomy adult rats. Following axotomy, survival rate was progressively but significantly reduced 79.1% at 16 post-lesion (wpl) 65.2% wpl. ATF3...

We herein report a case showing three anatomical variations including the aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA), non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) and thoracic duct in 59-year-old male cadaver. The (RSA) arose from descending aorta next to left coursed between oesophagus vertebrae. recurrent did not coil around RSA but directly entered larynx. Lastly terminated into brachiocephalic vein. This study makes an embryological assumption that abnormal development of had happened first...

Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) has an important role in both the development and plasticity of brain as well neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated downstream pathways NRG1 signalling their prevention Aβ1-42 -induced neurotoxicity.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity TUNEL staining were assayed to examine properties primary rat cortical neurons.The inhibition PI3K/Akt activation abolished ability prevent...

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging radiation-free, non-invasive three-dimensional tomographic technology that can visualize the concentrations of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). To verify applicability previously proposed point-of-care testing MPI (PoCT-MPI) in medical diagnosis and therapeutics, we imaged SPIONs animal tumor models.CT26 or MC38 mouse colon carcinoma cells (2 × 106 cells) were subcutaneously injected into right flank BALB/c mice. either...