Abstract Maize (Zea mays) has an exceptionally complex genome with a rich history in both epigenetics and evolution. We report genomic landscapes of representative epigenetic modifications their relationships to mRNA small RNA (smRNA) transcriptomes maize shoots roots. The patterns differed dramatically between genes transposable elements, two repressive marks (H3K27me3 DNA methylation) were usually mutually exclusive. found organ-specific distribution canonical microRNAs (miRNAs) endogenous...

A wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring” chromosome substitution line CS-1Sl(1B), in which the 1B was substituted by 1Sl from Aegilops longissima, developed and found to possess superior dough breadmaking quality. The molecular mechanism of its super quality conformation is studied aspects high glutenin genes, protein accumulation patterns, polymeric proteins, bodies, starch granules, disulfide isomerase (PDI) PDI-like expressions. Results showed that introduced HMW-GS 1Sl×2.3* 1Sly16* possesses...

A novel concept that conversion of chiral 2-substituted DMAP into its DMAP-N-oxide could significantly enhance the catalytic activity and still be used as an acyl transfer catalyst is presented. new type DMAP-N-oxides, derived from l-prolinamides, has been rationally designed, facilely synthesized, applied in dynamic kinetic resolution azlactones. Using simple MeOH nucleophile, various l-amino acid derivatives were produced high yields (up to 98% yield) enantioselectivities 96% ee)....

Asparagus setaceus is a popular ornamental plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions globally. Here, we constructed chromosome-scale reference genome of A. to facilitate the investigation its characteristics evolution. Using combination Nanopore long reads, Illumina short 10× Genomics linked Hi-C data, generated high-quality assembly covering 710.15 Mb, accounting for 98.63% estimated size. A total 96.85% sequences were anchored ten superscaffolds corresponding chromosomes. The...

Adverse environmental factors like salt stress, drought, and extreme temperatures, cause damage to plant growth, development, crop yield. GRAS transcription (TFs) have numerous functions in biological processes. Some studies reported that the protein family plays significant growth development under abiotic stresses. In this study, we demonstrated functional characterization of a tomato SlGRAS10 gene stresses such as stress drought. Down-regulation by RNA interference (RNAi) produced dwarf...

Three-spotted seahorse (Hippocampi trimaculata) is a unique fish with important economic and medicinal values, its total chromosome number potentially quite different from other species. Herein, we constructed chromosome-level genome assembly for this special by integration of MGI short-read, PacBio HiFi long-read Hi-C sequencing techniques. A 416.57-Mb haplotypic was obtained. Subsequently, 99.38% scaffold sequences were anchored onto 18 chromosomes, identification 29.1% repeat in the...

Normal organ size is achieved by successful co-ordination of cell proliferation and expansion, which are modulated multiple factors such as ethylene auxin. In our work, SlMBP21-RNAi (RNA interference) tomato exhibited longer sepals improved fruit set. Histological analysis indicated that were attributed to expansion. To explore how SlMBP21 regulates sepal size, we compared the transcriptomes between wild type RNA sequencing found differentially expressed genes dominantly related auxin,...

Significance MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are indispensable regulators of gene expression. Hyponastic Leaves 1 (HYL1) is a core component the microprocessor that processes primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) into mature miRNAs. Here we report noncanonical function HYL1 in protecting pri-miRNAs from unwanted nuclear exosome activities during processing. Our observations also suggest may contribute differently to Dicer-like (DCL1)-mediated maturation loop-to-base– and base-to-loop–processed pri-miRNAs. This...

An efficient chiral 4-aryl-pyridine-N-oxide (ArPNO) nucleophilic organocatalyst was rationally designed, synthesized, and applied to the acylative dynamic kinetic resolution of azoles, aldehydes, anhydride. The restriction pyridine's C-4 position, where dialkylamino group should be always present when using pyridine-N-oxide as an acyl transfer catalyst, overcome, thereby allowing structural diversity at this position. In presence 5 mol % 3,5-dimethylphenyl-derived ArPNO corresponding...

Two new species of the genus Dugesia from Southern China are described by applying an integrative approach, including morphological, karyological, histological, and molecular information. In phylogenetic tree, two species, pendula Chen & Dong, sp. nov. musculosa nov., fall into Eastern Palearctic/Oriental clade Oriental/Australasian clade, respectively, while sharing only a rather distant relationship. The separate specific status is supported also their genetic distances. characterized...

Long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) comprise a major portion of many plant genomes and may exert profound impact on genome structure, function, evolution. Although studies have focused these elements in an individual species, their dynamics family level remains elusive. Here, we investigated the abundance, evolutionary dynamics, associated genes LTR-RTs 16 species economically important family, Cucurbitaceae. Results showed that full-length LTR-RT numbers content varied...

Abstract DNA methylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism in many biological processes. However, limited studies have dissected the contribution of to sexual differentiation dioecious plants. In this study, we investigated variances and transcriptional patterns male female flowers garden asparagus. Compared with flowers, at same stages showed higher levels methylation. Both gained globally from premeiotic meiotic stages. Detailed analysis revealed that increased was largely due CHH...

Abstract It is well-known that environment influences DNA methylation, however, the extent of heritable methylation variation following animal domestication remains largely unknown. Using meDIP-chip we mapped promoter methylomes for 23,316 genes in muscle tissues ancestral and domestic chickens. We systematically examined terms different breeds, differentially expressed genes, SNPs undergo genetic selection sweeps. While considerable changes sequence gene expression programs were prevalent,...

Abstract Background Dioecious spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.), a commercial and nutritional vegetable crop, serves as model for studying the mechanisms of sex determination differentiation in plants. However, this mechanism is still unclear. Herein, based on PacBio Iso-seq Illumina RNA-seq data, comparative transcriptome analysis male female flowers were performed to explore spinach. Results Compared with published genome spinach, 10,800 transcripts newly annotated; alternative splicing,...

Long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) are ubiquitous and make up the majority of nearly all sequenced plant genomes, whereas their pivotal roles in genome evolution, gene expression regulation as well epigenetic still not understood, especially a large number closely related species.Here, we analyzed abundance dynamic evolution LTR-RTs 54 species from an economically agronomically important family, Fabaceae, also selected two representative for further analysis associated...

The transfer of chloroplast DNA into nuclear genome is a common process in plants. These transfers form integrants plastid DNAs (NUPTs), which are thought to be driving forces evolution, including sex chromosome evolution. In this study, NUPTs the dioecious plant Asparagus officinalis L. were systematically analyzed, order investigate characteristics and relationship between evolution species. A total 3155 NUPT insertions detected, they represented approximated 0.06% genome. About 45%...

The Triticum/Aegilops complex includes hybrid species resulting from homoploid speciation and allopolyploid speciation. Sequential allotetra- allohexaploidy events presumably result in two challenges for the hybrids, which involve 1) cytonuclear stoichiometric disruptions caused by combining diverged nuclear genomes with maternal inheritance of cytoplasmic organellar donor; 2) incompatibility chimeric protein complexes subunits genomes. Here, we describe coevolution rbcS genes encoding small...

Bifunctional chiral 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (PPY) N-oxides catalyzing the dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic carboxylic esters was reported to construct α-aryl α-alkyl in up 93% yield and 99% ee. Several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including (S)-ibuprofen ester, (S)-ketoprofen (S)-fenaprofen (S)-flurbinprofen were obtained. Additionally, drug molecule (S)-naproxen could be achieved by hydrogenation ester. The ester prepared on a gram scale 87% 94% catalyst recyclable...

Sex chromosome evolution has mostly been studied in species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. The Spinacia genus serves as an ideal model for investigating evolutionary mechanisms underlying the transition from homomorphic to Among factors, repetitive sequences play multiple roles while their forces have not fully explored species. Here, we identified major sequence classes male and female genomes of ancestral relative sugar beet elucidate processes using next-generation sequencing (NGS)...

Asparagus setaceus is an important ornamental plant and to study the sex chromosome evolution in genus Asparagus. Here complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. was determined. The cpDNA 156,978 bp length, contains a large single copy region 85,311 small 18,641 bp, which separated by pair inverted repeat regions 26,513 each. cp 132 genes, including 88 protein-coding 6 ribosomal RNA 38 transfer genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that closely related officinalis schoberioides.

Summary The sex‐determining‐region (SDR) may offer the best prospects for studying sex‐determining gene, recombination suppression, and chromosome heteromorphism. However, current progress of SDR identification cloning showed following shortcomings: large near‐isogenic lines need to be constructed, a relatively population is needed; cost whole‐genome sequencing assembly high. Herein, X/Y chromosomes Spinacia oleracea L. subsp. turkestanica were successfully microdissected assembled using...

Sex determination and differentiation is an important biological process for unisexual flower development. Spinach a model plant to study the mechanism of sex dioecious plant. Till now, little known about spinach mechanism. MicroRNAs are key factors in Herein, small RNA sequencing was performed explore roles microRNAs differentiation. As result, 92 3402 novel were identified 18 female male samples. 74 differentially expressed between flowers, including 20 female-biased 48 male-biased...

The relationship between chromosome deletion in wheat and protein expression were investigated using Chinese Spring fine line 3BS-8. Through 2-DE (2-D electrophoresis) analysis, no differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) found leaf samples; however, 47 DEPs showed at least two-fold abundance variation (p < 0.05) matured grains 21 spots identified by tandem MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Among the spots, four cultivar-specific, including three (spots B15, B16, B21) one 3BS-8 (spot B10)....