Much of our present understanding the function and operation basal ganglia rests on models anatomical connectivity derived from tract-tracing approaches in rodents primates. However, last years have been characterized by promising step forwards vivo investigation comprehension brain humans. The aim this review is to revise current knowledge circuits, highlighting similarities differences across species, order widen perspective intricate model system. This will allow us explore implications...

Dentin is a vital, hydrated composite tissue with structural components and properties that vary in the different topographic portions of teeth. These variations have significant implication for biomechanical teeth adhesive systems utilized conservative dentistry. The aim this study to analyse root canal dentin going from coronal apical zone find ratio between intertubular area surface occupied by tubules varies. Observations were conducted on 30 healthy premolar extracted orthodontic...

Abstract In the recent past, basal ganglia circuitry was simplified as represented by direct and indirect pathways hyperdirect pathways. Based on data from animal studies, we hypothesized a fourth pathway, cortico‐pallidal, that complements pathway to subthalamus. Ten normal brains were analyzed using high angular resolution diffusion imaging—constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD)‐based technique. The study performed with 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner (Achieva, Philips...

The current model of basal ganglia circuits has been introduced almost two decades ago and settled the basis for our understanding physiology movement disorders. Although many questions are yet to be answered, several efforts have recently made shed new light on function. traditional concept "direct" "indirect" pathways, obtained from axonal tracing studies in non-human primates post-mortem fiber dissection human brain, still retains a remarkable appeal but is somehow obsolete. Therefore,...

The limbic system is part of an intricate network which involved in several functions like memory and emotion. Traditionally the role cerebellum was considered mainly associated to motion control; however evidences are raising about a learning skills, emotions control, mnemonic behavioral processes involving also connections with system. In 15 normal subjects we studied by probabilistic Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD) tractography. main result our work prove for first time human...

Understanding the topographical organization of cortico-basal ganglia circuitry is pivotal importance because spreading techniques such as DBS and, more recently, MR-guided focused ultrasound for treatment movement disorders. A growing body evidence has described both direct cortico- and dento-pallidal connections, although in vivo these pathways human brain never been reported.To investigate by means diffusion MRI tractography connectivity based parcellation.High-quality data from 100...

This study aims at investigating the consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for agri-food products delivered in farmers markets with electric vehicles (EVs). The empirical analysis has been carried out by administering an online questionnaire 273 consumers within a hypothetical context. A multiple price list provided order measure premium 1 kg of oranges transported EVs comparing ones traditional vehicles. Tobit regression model used data identify most influential factors affecting WTP. Results...

Substantia nigra is an important neuronal structure, located in the ventral midbrain, that exerts a regulatory function within basal ganglia circuitry through nigro-striatal pathway. Although its subcortical connections are relatively well-known human brain, little known about cortical connections. The existence of direct cortico-nigral pathway has been demonstrated rodents and primates but only hypothesized humans. In this study, we aimed at evaluating substantia vivo brain by using...

Abstract The Red Nucleus (RN) is a large nucleus located in the ventral midbrain: it subdivided into small caudal magnocellular part (mRN) and rostral parvocellular (pRN). These distinct structural regions are of functionally different networks show distinctive connectivity features: mRN connected to interposed nucleus, whilst pRN mainly dentate cortex inferior olivary complex. Despite functional neuroimaging studies suggest RN involvement complex motor higher order functions, cannot be...

A reduction of meat consumption is crucial for addressing public health problems, especially in industrialized countries. Among low-cost interventions, emotionally provocative health-information strategies could be effective options fostering reduction. Through an online experimental survey, administrated to a quota-based national sample (N = 1142), this study analysed the profile Italians consuming red/processed above World Health Organization (WHO) recommended amounts. Via between-subjects...

The periodontal ligament lies between the hard tissues of alveolar bone and cementum teeth serves to anchor tooth alveolus functions as a cushion these migrate occlusal force during mastication. This tissue is always exposed mechanical stress When forces exceed adaptive capacity ligament, will be injured then trauma occur. different modifications load deformation can monitored by analysis expression collagen types fibronectin, with immunohistochemical techniques, morphological study light-...

Costameres are regions that associated with the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibres and comprise proteins dystrophin-glycoprotein complex vinculin-talin-integrin system. play both a mechanical signalling role, transmitting force from contractile apparatus to extracellular matrix in order stabilize during contraction relaxation. Recently, it was shown bidirectional occurs between sarcoglycans integrins, agrin potentially interacting types protein enable signal transmission. Although numerous...

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in several biological processes, but its role human melanogenesis still not well understood. Exposure to UVA and UVB induces nitric production keratinocytes melanocytes through the activation of constitutive synthase, increasing tyrosinase activity melanin synthesis, whereas inducible synthase over expression might be hypopigmentary disorders. The aim this study was evaluate whether neuronal were modified vitiligo skin compared healthy controls. Skin biopsies...

Aim . Purpose of the present paper is to analyze efficiency different post-space irrigation protocols. Methods 28 single rooted teeth were endodontically treated. After preparation every sample was assigned one three experimental groups and control group. In each group protocols performed as follows: EDTA (Group A), 37% orthophosphoric acid B), + with ultrasounds activation C). D) irrigate association not activated by ultrasounds. Three zones (coronal, middle, apical) analyzed using Scan...

Unilateral posterior crossbite is a widespread, asymmetric malocclusion characterized by an inverse relationship of the upper and lower buccal dental cusps, in molar premolar regions, on one side only arch. Patients with unilateral exhibit altered chewing cycles masseter results to be less active respect contralateral one. Few studies about morphological features masticatory muscle disorders exist most these have been performed animal models. The aim present study was evaluate protein...

Innovation plays a key role in the success and sustainable development of businesses. The innovation process derives from combination personal skills company resources that influence food managers their choices on (the decision-making process). This study is an attempt to try understand which psychological constructs affect Hungarian sector, using empirical data 2017 survey conducted Hungary among largest processing companies. Planned behavior theory (TPB) was applied factors affecting...

Diuretic responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is better assessed by urine production per unit diuretic dose than the absolute output or dose. resistance arises over time when plateau rate of sodium and water excretion reached prior to optimal fluid elimination may be overcome hypertonic saline solution (HSS) added high doses furosemide.

The sarcoglycan complex (SGC) is a multimember transmembrane interacting with other members of the dystrophin-glycoprotein (DGC) to provide mechanosignaling connection from cytoskeleton extracellular matrix. SGC consists four proteins (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). A fifth subunit, epsilon-sarcoglycan, shows wider tissue distribution. Recently, novel sarcoglycan, zeta-sarcoglycan, has been identified. All reports about structure showed common assumption tetrameric arrangement sarcoglycans....