Chemotaxis enables bacteria to navigate chemical gradients in their environment, accumulating toward high concentrations of attractants and avoiding repellents. Although finding nutrients is likely be an important function bacterial chemotaxis, not all characterized are nutrients. Moreover, even for potential nutrients, the exact relation between metabolic value chemicals efficiency as chemoattractants has been systematically explored. Here we compare chemotactic response amino acids with...

Abstract The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is a model organism for the study of circadian rhythms. It naturally competent transformation—that is, it takes up DNA from environment, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we use genome-wide screen to identify genes required natural transformation in S. , including encoding conserved Type IV pilus, known be associated with competence other bacteria, and others. Pilus biogenesis occurs daily morning, while maximal when onset...

In bacterial habitats, the ability to follow spatial gradients of environmental factors that affect growth and survival can be largely advantageous. The strategy for unidirectional chemotactic movement in typical attractants or repellents, such as nutrients toxins, is well understood. Optimal levels other factors, however, may found at intermediate points a gradient thus require bidirectional tactic towards optimum. Here we investigate response Escherichia coli pH an example taxis. We...

Summary The PctC chemoreceptor of P seudomonas aeruginosa mediates chemotaxis with high specificity to gamma‐aminobutyric acid ( GABA ). This compound is present everywhere in nature and has multiple functions, including being a human neurotransmitter or plant signaling compound. Because . ubiquitously distributed able infect colonize different hosts, the physiological relevance taxis unclear, but it been suggested that bacterial attraction neurotransmitters may enhance virulence. We report...

Many cyanobacteria, which use light as an energy source via photosynthesis, have evolved the ability to guide their movement toward or away from a source. This process, termed "phototaxis," enables organisms localize in optimal environments for improved growth and fitness. Mechanisms of phototaxis been studied coccoid cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, but rod-shaped Synechococcus elongatus 7942, circadian rhythms metabolic engineering, has no phototactic motility. In this...

Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that distributed worldwide. They include transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PEDV), and the human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Middle East (MERS-CoV), many of which seriously endanger health well-being. Only alphacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses harbor nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1), performs multiple functions in inhibiting antiviral host responses. The role C...

Most bacteria use transmembrane sensors to detect a wide range of environmental stimuli. A large class such are the chemotaxis receptors used by motile follow chemical gradients. In Escherichia coli, known mediate highly sensitive responses ligands, making them potentially useful for biosensory applications. However, with only four ligand-binding receptors, natural ligand spectrum E. coli is limited. The design novel chemoreceptors extend sensing capabilities therefore critical aspect...

Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial signaling molecule. It also critical player in the regulation of cell size and behaviors such as aggregation phototaxis cyanobacteria, which constitute an important group prokaryotes for their roles ecology evolution Earth. However, c-di-GMP receptors have never been revealed cyanobacteria. Here, we report identification receptor, CdgR, from filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120. Crystal structural analysis genetic studies demonstrate...

The PctA and PctB chemoreceptors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediate chemotaxis toward amino acids. A general feature signal transduction processes is that a input converted into an output. We have generated chimeras combining the Tar signaling domain with either or ligand binding (LBD). Escherichia coli harboring PctA-Tar PctB-Tar mediated responses both were determined using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, derived EC50 values are measure responded to 19 11 L-amino acids respectively....

Abstract Fat embolism (FE) is a lethal medical emergency often caused by fracture of long bones and amputation limbs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis increases vascular permeability. We tested the hypothesis that VEGF plays critical role in FE-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) lung injury (ALI). tissues were collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats, animal oil was extracted mixed with water to form fatty micelles. The micelles then injected...

Abstract Cassava plants ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) resist environmental stresses by shedding leaves in leaf pulvinus abscission zones (AZs), thus leading to adaptation new conditions. Little is known about the roles of cassava R2R3 MYB factors regulating AZ separation. Herein, 166 genes were identified. Evolutionary analysis indicated that could be divided into 11 subfamilies. Transcriptome 26 expressed AZs across six time points during both ethylene- and water-deficit stress-induced...

Non-structural protein 1 (nsp1) is only characterized in alphacoronaviruses (α-CoVs) and betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs). There have been extensive researches on how the β-CoVs nsp1 regulates viral virulence by inhibiting host synthesis, but regulatory mechanism of α-CoVs still unclear. Here, we report 2.1-Å full-length crystal structure emerging porcine SADS-CoV 1.8-Å highly lethal cat FIPV. Although they belong to different subtypes α-CoVs, these viruses all a bucket-shaped fold composed six...

Cassava is the third largest food crop of world and has strong ability drought tolerance. In order to evaluate molecular diversity discover novel alleles for tolerance in cassava germplasms, we examined a total 107 abiotic stress related expressed sequence tags—simple repeat (EST-SSR) markers 134 genotypes coming from planting regions worldwide performed marker-traits association mapping. As results, successfully amplified 98 97 polymorphic loci 279 alleles, with 2.87 per locus, gene 0.48...

To investigate the association of dynamic weight change in adulthood with leukocyte telomere length among U.S. adults.This study included 3,886 subjects aged 36-75 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002 cycle. Survey-weighted multivariable linear regression adjustments for potential confounders was utilized.3,386 individuals were finally included. People stable obesity had a 0.130 kbp (95% CI: 0.061-0.198, P=1.97E-04) shorter than those normal...

Tailoring enzymes are important modification biocatalysts in natural product biosynthesis. We report herein six orthologous two-gene clusters for mycocyclosin and guatyromycine Expression of the cyclodipeptide synthase genes gymA1 -gymA6 Escherichia coli resulted formation cyclo-l-Tyr-l-Tyr as major product. Reconstruction biosynthetic pathways Streptomyces albus biochemical investigation proved that cytochrome P450 GymB1 -GymB6 act both intramolecular oxidases intermolecular nucleobase...

Heterologous expression of a cdps-p450 locus from Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-1521 led to the identification guanitrypmycin D1, new guaninylated diketopiperazine. The cytochrome P450 GutD1521 catalyzed regiospecific transfer guanine C-2 indole ring cyclo-(l-Trp-l-Tyr) via C–C linkage and represents chemical transformation within this enzyme class. Furthermore, efficiently accepts several other tryptophan-containing cyclodipeptides or derivatives for coupling with guanine, thus generating...

Cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) have obvious abscission zone (AZ) structures in their leaf pulvinus-petioles. can be triggered by either 17 days of water-deficit stress or 4 ethylene treatment. To date, little is known about cassava AP2/ERF factors, and less regarding roles regulating development. Here, the Arabidopsis genes were compared, finding that genome contains approximately 1.54-fold more ERF subfamily than genome. Microarray analysis was used to identify are expressed...

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is the etiologic agent of feline (FIP) and causes fatal disease in cats almost all ages. Currently, there are no clinically approved drugs or effective vaccines for FIP. Furthermore, pathogenesis FIP still not fully understood. There an urgent need infection model induced by FIPV. Here, we constructed a field type I FIPV full-length cDNA clone, pBAC-QS, corresponding to isolated QS. By replacing QS spike gene with commercially available II 79-1146...

A highly oxygenated phenethyl derivative ustethylin was isolated from Aspergillus ustus. Gene deletion, isotope labeling, and heterologous expression proved that the core structure is assembled malonyl-CoA by a polyketide synthase harboring methyltransferase domain. Propionate converted via acetyl-CoA to incorporated into molecule. Modifications on three different oxidoreductases one O-methyltransferase lead final product, A.

Heterologous expression of a three-gene cluster from Streptomyces aurantiacus coding for cyclodipeptide synthase, prenyltransferase, and methyltransferase led to the elucidation biosynthetic steps streptoazine C (2). In vivo biotransformation experiments proved high flexibility prenyltransferase SasB toward tryptophan-containing cyclodipeptides regular C-3-prenylation. Furthermore, their corresponding dehydrogenated derivatives prepared by using oxidases were also used prenylation. This...

Cyanobacteria shaped the Earth’s evolutionary history and are still playing important roles for elementary cycles in different environments. They consist of highly diverse species with cell shapes, sizes, morphologies.