Bilingual speech requires that the language of utterances be selected prior to articulation. Past research has debated whether speaking can determined in advance planning and, if not, level at which it is eventually selected. We argue reason been difficult come an agreement about selection there not a single locus selection. Rather, depends on set factors vary according experience bilinguals, demands production task, and degree activity nontarget language. demonstrate possible identify some...

Meuter and Allport (1999) were among the first to implicate an inhibitory mechanism in bilingual language control. In their study, bilinguals took longer name a number L1 directly following L2 naming trial than trial, suggesting that suppress more dominant during production. Since then, asymmetric switch costs have not been replicated all subsequent studies, some questioned whether necessarily reveal inhibition. Based on methodological grounds interpretability problems, we conclude may be...

Previous studies have demonstrated a bilingual advantage in the efficiency of executive attention. A question remains, however, about impact age L2 acquisition and relative balance two languages on enhancement functions bilinguals, whether this is modulated by similarity bilingual's languages. The present study explores these issues comparing attentional networks amongst three groups young adults living Australia: English monolinguals early late Chinese-English bilinguals. We also address...

Bilinguals and musicians exhibit behavioral advantages on tasks with high demands executive functioning, particularly inhibitory control, but the brain mechanisms supporting these differences are unclear. Of key interest is whether forms of experience influence cognition through similar or distinct information processing mechanisms. Here, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in three groups – bilinguals, musicians, controls who completed a visual go-nogo task that involved withholding...

Most studies on bilingual language development focus children's second (L2). Here, we investigated first (L1) of Polish-English early migrant bilinguals in four domains: vocabulary, grammar, phonological processing and discourse. We compared Polish skills between their non-migrant monolingual peers, then the influence cumulative exposure to L1 L2 bilinguals' performance. examined whether high could possibly minimize gap monolinguals bilinguals. analyzed data from 233 typically developing...

Given prior studies that provided inconsistent results, there is an ongoing debate on the issue of whether bilingualism benefits cognitive control. We tested Adaptive Control Hypothesis, according to which only intense use different languages in same situation without mixing them single utterances (called dual-language context) confers a bilingual advantage response inhibition. In large-scale correlational study, we attempted circumvent several pitfalls previous research by testing...

Monolingualism has typically been understood as a homogeneous phenomenon. The linguistic experiences of monolinguals are usually overlooked when analysing the impact foreign language on processing and cognitive functioning. In this study, we analyse 962 English-speaking individuals from United Kingdom (UK) who identified monolinguals. Through an online survey, found that more than 80% these had learned at least one language, dialect, or type jargon. More half also used languages they some...

Abstract For bilinguals, speaking in a second language (L2) compared to the native (L1) is usually more difficult. In this study we asked whether difficulty L2 production reflects increased demands imposed on domain-general or core mechanisms. We brain response speech L1 and within two functionally-defined networks brain: Multiple Demand (MD) network network. found that was linked widespread increase of activity MD The did not show similarly robust differences processing languages, however,...

The aim of the present study was to explore hypothesized relationship between divergent thinking (DT) and two types evaluation: interpersonal (judgments about others' ideas) intrapersonal one's own ideas). Divergent evaluation skills were measured by means a GenEva (Generation Evaluation) task. There conditions task: interpersonal, aspects given idea assessed: originality uniqueness. main results suggest that (1) overall DT skill is positively related uniqueness; (2) component negatively (3)...

The present study investigated the impact of bilingualism on efficiency alerting, orienting and executive attention by means Lateralized Attention Network Test (LANT). Young adult bilinguals who had been exposed to their second language before age four years showed a reduced conflict cost larger alerting effect in terms response time (RT), while no difference between monolinguals was observed overall RT. Bilinguals also outperformed accuracy both non-conflict trials, though latter condition...

The present study addressed the question whether bilinguals are characterised by increased cognitive flexibility. Mechanisms of flexibility were compared between a group Hungarian-Polish and Hungarian monolinguals. first task explored effects temporal orienting (ability to voluntarily orient attention certain point in time when relevant event is expected) efficiency switching preparatory intervals different duration (sequential effects). second – social category tapped into mechanisms 2...

Abstract In many published studies, various modifications of the flanker task have been used. Regardless version, conflict N2 component has consistently reported and interpreted as evidence for resolution introduced by incongruent flankers. However, ERP studies that used most basic (i.e., a version with equiprobable congruent conditions in which only congruency between target flankers is manipulated) not provided compelling component. We report results large‐sample study employing allowed us...

Language attrition is the corruption of first language (L1) when speakers are exposed to a different language. We examine if it results from change representations or merely processing – and thus can be reversible. asked 45 late Polish-English bilinguals immersed in L1 environment long-term L2 (migrants UK) produce words containing /p/ /b/ contrast realised differently two languages. also tested their perception those sounds with behavioural EEG perceptual tasks. This investigated whether...

Abstract Previous studies have reported fewer social biases in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. However, it is unclear whether the expression of varies across bilingualism spectrum. This article investigates connections between different dimensions bilingual experience and explicit bias. We analyzed responses 389 a battery questionnaires on multicultural experiences, bias, internal external motivation respond without prejudice executive control. The results show that more diverse...

Does a bilingual’s language environment, whether L1- or L2-dominant, modulate their use of control mechanisms in speech production? The language-switching task (LST) typically assesses two indices control: asymmetric switch costs, where switching into L1 incurs greater costs than L2, and reversed dominance, becomes slower L2. We ask if these measures are affected by the context bilingual is relative balance between languages sustained after mixed use. Polish-English unbalanced bilinguals...

AbstractTwo studies are reported that explore the effect of bilingualism on memory performance. Following previous reports a bilingual advantage in executive control sometimes shows greater older adults, we compared younger and monolinguals bilinguals paradigm yielded separate measures familiarity recollection. As expected, there were no consistent effects familiarity, but age language differences recollection, measure reflecting control. Younger adults superior to this measure, was minimal...

The language switching task has provided a useful insight into how bilinguals produce language. So far, however, the studies using this method have been limited to lexical access. present study provides empirical evidence on in production of simple grammar structures. In reported experiment, Polish-English unbalanced switched between their L1 and L2 while describing pictures ongoing completed actions with SV progressive perfective phrases. results show asymmetrical costs for phrases...

The main goal of the present study was to explore involvement inhibition in resolution cross-language activation bilingual comprehension and a possible modulatory effect L2 proficiency. We used semantic relatedness judgment task English that included Polish-English interlingual homographs translations Polish homographs’ meanings. Based on previous studies using same paradigm, we expected strong homograph interference meanings translations. In addition, predicted participants with lower...