The gut microbiota is of crucial importance for the host with considerable metabolic activity. Although great efforts have been made toward characterizing microbial diversity, measuring components' activity surprisingly hasn't kept pace. Here we combined pyrosequencing amplified 16S rRNA genes in vivo stable isotope probing (Pyro-SIP) to unmask metabolically active bacteria cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis), a polyphagous insect herbivore that consumes large amounts plant material...

Abstract To better understand the mechanism of salt tolerance, we analyzed cotton growth and ionomes in different tissues under types salt–alkali stress. Cotton was exposed to soil alkali stresses, NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 , CO 3 + NaHCO a pot study. Salt stress significantly inhibited growth, reduced root length, surface area, volume, increased relative electrical conductivity (REC) malondialdehyde (MDA) content but also antioxidant enzyme activities, proline (Pro) content. The REC leaves higher...

Soil salinization and alkalization severely inhibit agriculture. However, the response mechanisms of cotton to salt stress or alkali are unclear. Ionomics metabolomics were used investigate stresses in roots leaves. Compared with control, salt-treated alkali-treated plants showed 51.8 53.0% decreases biomass, respectively. Under stress, concentration N decreased but increased leaves, concentrations P K Salt inhibited Ca, B, N, Fe uptake Mg, K, P, S, Cu transport, promoted Mo, Mn, Zn,...

New diketopiperazines, epicoccins E−H (1−4) and diphenylalazines A (5) B (6), have been isolated from the solid-substrate fermentation culture of Cordyceps-colonizing fungus Epicoccum nigrum. The structures 1−6 were determined primarily by NMR experiments, structure 1 was confirmed X-ray crystallography. absolute configurations 3 5 assigned using modified Mosher (3) Marfey's methods, respectively. Compounds 3−5 showed inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication in C8166 cells.

Abstract Rising atmospheric CO 2 levels can dilute the nitrogen ( N ) resource in plant tissue, which is disadvantageous to many herbivorous insects. Aphids appear be an exception that warrants further study. The effects of elevated (750 ppm vs. 390 ppm) were evaluated on assimilation and transamination by two M edicago truncatula genotypes, a N‐fixing‐deficient mutant dnf1 its wild‐type control (Jemalong), with without pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum infestation. Elevated increased population...

The activation of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway reduces water loss from plants challenged by drought stress. effect drought-induced ABA on defense and nutrition allocation is largely unknown. We postulated that these changes can affect herbivorous insects. studied effects different feeding stages pea aphids in wild-type A17 Medicago truncatula mutant sta-1. examined impact plant status, induced via (ABA), jasmonic (JA), salicylic (SA) pathways, host nutritional quality terms leaf...

Abstract Apoptosis and autophagy are two common forms of programmed cell death (PCD) used by host organisms to fight against virus infection. PCD in arthropod vectors can be manipulated arboviruses, leading arbovirus-vector coexistence, although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we find that coat protein (CP) an insect-borne plant TYLCV directly interacts with a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding (PEBP) its vector whitefly downregulate MAPK signaling cascade. As...

Aphids are the most common insect vector transmitting hundreds of plant viruses. Aphid wing dimorphism (winged vs. wingless) not only showcases phenotypic plasticity but also impacts virus transmission; however, superiority winged aphids in transmission over wingless morph is well understood. Here, we show that viruses were efficiently transmitted and highly infectious when associated with Myzus persicae a salivary protein contributed to this difference. The carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II)...

Summary The performance of herbivorous insects is greatly affected by plant nutritional quality and resistance, which are likely to be altered rising concentrations atmospheric CO 2 . We previously reported that elevated enhanced biological nitrogen (N) fixation M edicago truncatula , could result in an increased supply amino acids the pea aphid ( A cyrthosiphon pisum ). current study examined N resistance sickle ethylene‐insensitive mutant with supernodulation, its wild‐type control A17...

Both resistance and tolerance, which are two strategies that plants use to limit biotic stress, affected by the abiotic environment including atmospheric CO(2) levels. We tested hypothesis elevated would reduce (i.e., ability prevent damage) but enhance tolerance regrow compensate for damage after has occurred) of tomato cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed reduced decreasing jasmonic acid (JA) level activities lipoxygenase, proteinase inhibitors, polyphenol oxidase in...

Abstract Stomata help plants regulate CO 2 absorption and water vapor release in response to various environmental changes, decrease their stomatal apertures enhance status under elevated . Although the bottom‐up effect of on insect performance has been extensively studied, few reports have considered how fitness is altered by ‐induced changes host plant status. We tested hypothesis that aphids induce closure increase potential, which facilitates passive feeding, this induction can be...

Most known plant viruses are spread from to by insect vectors. There is strong evidence that nonpersistently transmitted manipulate the release of volatiles attract vectors, thereby promoting virus spread. The mechanisms whereby aphid settling and feeding altered on plants infected with these viruses, however, unclear. Here we employed loss-of-function mutations in cucumber mosaic (CMV) one its host plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), elucidate such mechanisms. We show that, relative a...

Aphids often carry facultative symbionts to achieve diverse advantages. Serratia symbiotica, one of endosymbionts, increases aphid tolerance heat. However, whether it benefits colonization on host plants is yet be determined. In the current study, we found that Acyrthosiphon pisum harbouring S. symbiotica had longer feeding duration Medicago truncatula than Serratia-free aphids. Contrastingly, aphids triggered higher accumulation reactive oxygen species (ROS), jasmonic acid and salicylic...

The mechanism by which plant viruses manipulate the behavior of insect vectors has largely been described as indirect manipulation through modifications host plant. However, little is known about direct interaction virus on nervous system its vector, and substantial behavioral effect transmission. Using a consisting Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLCV) vector whitefly, we found that TYLCV caused caspase-dependent apoptotic neurodegeneration with severe vacuolar neuropathological lesions in brain...

<title>Abstract</title> Background Through large-scale sampling and 16S sequencing at 8 timepoints 3 intestinal regions (288 samples), this study aimed to systematically elucidated the dynamic characterization in microbiota core of Taihe Silky Fowl, providing a theoretical basis for precise regulation native precious Chinese local breed through nutritional means. Results The results showed that alpha beta diversity changed significantly with different age regions. In diversity, Ace index...

Saline water drip irrigation is a potential solution for addressing freshwater scarcity in arid regions. However, prolonged use can accumulate soil salinity and reduce phosphorus (P) availability. Biochar straw amendments have been shown to alleviate these effects, but their mechanisms regulating microbial genes involved P transformation under long-term saline remain unclear. This study aimed evaluate the impact of biochar incorporation on community structure availability saline-irrigated...

Gliocladinins A (1) and B (2), two new p-terphenyl derivatives, have been isolated from solid cultures of an isolate Gliocladium sp. that colonizes Cordyceps sinensis. The structures these compounds were determined mainly by analysis their NMR spectroscopic data. In standard disk assays, 1 2 showed modest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). addition, displayed inhibitory effects on the growth human tumor cell lines, HeLa HCT116.

Abstract Elevated CO 2 compromises the resistance of leguminous plants against chewing insects, but little is known about whether elevated modifies phloem‐sucking insects or it has contrasting effects on legumes that differ in biological nitrogen fixation. We tested hypothesis physical and chemical aphids would be increased J emalong (a wild type M edicago truncatula ) decreased dnf1 mutant without fixation) by . The non‐glandular glandular trichome density under , resulting prolonged aphid...