Synthetic photochromic compounds can be designed to control a variety of proteins and their biochemical functions in living cells, but the high spatiotemporal precision tissue penetration two-photon stimulation have never been investigated these molecules. Here we demonstrate excitation azobenzene-based protein switches versatile strategies enhance photochemical responses. This enables new applications activation neurons astrocytes with cellular subcellular resolution.

Within the Ca v 1 family of voltage-gated calcium channels, 1.2 and 1.3 channels are predominant subtypes in brain. Whereas specific functions for each subtype were described adult brain, their role brain development is poorly understood. Here we assess subunits activity-dependent auditory brainstem. We used 1.3-deficient (Ca −/− ) mice because these lack cochlea-driven activity that deprives centers from peripheral input. found a drastically reduced volume all brainstem (range 25–59%, total...

Synaptic refinement via the elimination of inappropriate synapses and strengthening appropriate ones is crucially important for establishment specific, topographic neural circuits. The mechanisms driving these processes are poorly understood, particularly concerning inhibitory projections. Here, we address an projection in auditory brainstem functional anatomical mapping studies involving patch-clamp recordings combination with minimal maximal stimulation, caged glutamate photolysis, single...

Abstract Optical activation of neurons requires genetic manipulation or the use chemical photoactivators with undesirable side effects. As a solution to these disadvantages, here, we demonstrate optically evoked neuronal activity in mouse cortical acute slices and vivo by nonlinear excitation gold nanoparticles. In addition, this approach stimulate individual epitheliomuscular cells evoke body contractions Hydra vulgaris . To achieve this, low-power pulsed near-infrared at double-wavelength...

Key points Loss of the calcium sensor otoferlin disrupts neurotransmission from inner hair cells. Central auditory nuclei are functionally denervated in knockout mice ( Otof KOs) via gene ablation confined to periphery. We employed juvenile and young adult KO (postnatal days (P)10–12 P27–49) as a model for lacking spontaneous activity deafness, respectively. studied impact peripheral on synaptic refinement sound localization circuit medial nucleus trapezoid body (MNTB) lateral superior olive...

The auditory cortex (AC) modulates the activity of upstream pathways in brainstem via descending (corticofugal) projections. This feedback system plays an important role plasticity by shaping response properties neurons many subcortical nuclei. majority layer (L) 5 corticofugal project to inferior colliculus (IC). corticocollicular (CC) pathway is involved processing complex sounds, auditory-related learning, and defense behavior. Partly due their location deep cortical layers, CC neuron...

The development of optical methods to activate neurons with single-cell resolution has enabled systematic mapping inhibitory connections. In contrast, excitatory connections between pyramidal (PCs) been a major challenge due their high densities in cortical tissue and weak stochastic connectivity. Here we present an optogenetic two-photon method mouse neocortical slices by activating PCs the red-shifted opsin C1V1 while recording postsynaptic responses whole-cell configuration. Comparison...

The ability to associate neutral stimuli with valence information and store these associations as memories forms the basis for decision making. To determine underlying computational principles, we build a realistic model of central module within Drosophila mushroom body (MB), fly’s center learning memory. Our combines electron microscopy-based architecture one MB output neuron (MBON-α3), synaptic connectivity its 948 presynaptic Kenyon cells (KCs), membrane properties obtained from...

The α2δ3 auxiliary subunit of voltage-activated calcium channels is required for normal synaptic transmission and precise temporal processing sounds in the auditory brainstem. In mice its loss additionally leads to an inability distinguish amplitude-modulated tones. Furthermore, function has been associated with autism spectrum disorder humans. To investigate possible alterations network activity higher-order system knockout mice, we analyzed neuronal patterns topography frequency tuning...

Auditory brainstem neurons in the lateral superior olive (LSO) receive excitatory input from ipsilateral cochlear nucleus (CN) and inhibitory transmission contralateral CN via medial of trapezoid body (MNTB). This circuit enables sound localization using interaural level differences. Early studies have observed an additional originating side. However, many its details, such as origin, remained elusive. Employing electrical optical stimulation afferents acute mouse slices anatomical tracing,...

Anisotropy of tracer-coupled networks is a hallmark in many brain regions. In the past, topography these was analyzed using various approaches, which focused on different aspects, e.g., position, tracer signal, or direction coupled cells. Here, we developed vector-based method to analyze extent and preferential spreading. As model region, chose lateral superior olive—a nucleus that exhibits specialized network topography. acute slices, sulforhodamine 101-positive astrocytes were...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with social communication impairments and specific sound processing deficits, for example, problems in following speech noisy environments. To investigate underlying neuronal defects located the auditory cortex (AC), we performed two-photon Ca2+ imaging FMR1 (fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1) knock-out (KO) mice, a model fragile syndrome (FXS), most common cause of hereditary ASD humans. For primary AC (A1) anterior field (AAF),...

In recent years, observing neuronal activity by inferring action potentials (APs) in mammals has attracted much attention. A common way to observe thousands of neurons simultaneously is using calcium imaging techniques. However, estimating the APs based on fluorescence signal obtained technique a challenging task due noise, slow rates and especially nonlinearity binding kinetics. Though electrical recording can measure very precisely, it rather time consuming practice. this paper, an...

Abstract The ability to associate neutral stimuli with valence information and store these associations as memories forms the basis for decision making. To determine underlying computational principles, we build a realistic model of central module within Drosophila mushroom body (MB), fly’s center learning memory. Our combines electron microscopy-based architecture one MB output neuron (MBON-α3), synaptic connectivity its 948 presynaptic Kenyon cells (KCs), membrane properties obtained from...

Abstract The α 2 δ3 auxiliary subunit of voltage-activated calcium channels is required for normal synaptic transmission and precise temporal processing sounds in the auditory brainstem. In mice its loss additionally leads to an inability distinguish amplitude-modulated tones. Furthermore, function has been associated with autism spectrum disorder humans. To investigate possible alterations network activity higher-order system knockout mice, we analyzed neuronal patterns topography frequency...