Achieving proper polarity is essential for cellular function. In bacteria, cell has been observed by using both morphological and molecular markers; however, no general regulators of bacterial have identified. Here we investigate the effect on two cytoskeletal elements previously implicated in shape determination. We find that actin-like MreB protein mediates global Caulobacter crescentus, although intermediate filament-like CreS influences without affecting polarity. organized an axial...

We have analyzed the spontaneous symmetry breaking and initiation of actin-based motility in keratocytes (fish epithelial cells). In stationary keratocytes, actin network flow was inwards radially symmetric. Immediately before initiation, increased at prospective cell rear reoriented perinuclear region, aligning with axis movement. Changes front were detectable only after polarization. Inhibition myosin II or Rho kinase disrupted organization region decreased frequency, whereas increasing...

Abstract Epithelial folding transforms simple sheets of cells into complex three-dimensional tissues and organs during animal development. has mainly been attributed to mechanical forces generated by an apically localized actomyosin network, however, contributions at basal lateral cell surfaces remain largely unknown. Here we show that a local decrease tension increased tension, but not apical constriction, drive the formation two neighboring folds in developing Drosophila wing imaginal...

Segmentation and tracking of cells in long-term time-lapse experiments has emerged as a powerful method to understand how tissue shape changes emerge from the complex choreography constituent cells. However, methods store interrogate large datasets produced by these are not widely available. Furthermore, recently developed for relating cell dynamics have yet been applied biologists because their technical complexity. We therefore database format that stores cellular connectivity geometry...

Quantitative analysis of the dynamic cellular mechanisms shaping Drosophila wing during its larval growth phase has been limited, impeding our ability to understand how morphogen patterns regulate tissue shape. Such requires imaging explants under conditions that maintain both and patterning, as well methods quantify much behaviors change Here, we demonstrate a key requirement for steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in maintenance numerous patterning systems vivo explant culture. We...

Abstract The levels of nuclear protein Lamin A/C are crucial for mechanotransduction. known to scale with tissue stiffness and extracellular matrix in mesenchymal tissues. But epithelial tissues, where cells lack a strong interaction the matrix, it is unclear how regulated. Here, we show tissues that apico-basal cell compression, independent stiffness. Using genetic perturbations Drosophila compression regulates by deforming nucleus. Further, mammalian cells, deformation modulating...

The actin homolog MreB contributes to bacterial cell shape. Here, we explore the role of coexpressed MreC protein in Caulobacter and show that it forms a periplasmic spiral is out phase with cytoplasmic spiral. Both mreB mreC are essential, depletion either results similar shape defect. dynamic spirals MreC-depleted cells, localizes helically presence MreB-inhibitor A22, indicating each can form independently other. We peptidoglycan transpeptidase Pbp2 also helical pattern partially...

Ecdysteroids are the hormones regulating development, physiology and fertility in arthropods, which synthesize them exclusively from dietary sterols. But how sterol diversity influences ecdysteroid profile, animals ensure production of desired whether there functional differences between different ecdysteroids produced vivo, remains unknown. This is because currently no analytical technology for unbiased, comprehensive quantitative assessment full complement endogenous ecdysteroids. We...

Tissue organization is often characterized by specific patterns of cell morphology. How such emerge in developing tissues a fundamental open question. Here, we investigate the emergence tissue-scale shape and mechanical tissue stress

The maintenance of cell shape in Caulobacter crescentus requires the essential gene mreB, which encodes a member actin superfamily and target antibiotic, A22. We isolated 35 unique A22-resistant strains with single amino acid substitutions near nucleotide binding site MreB. Mutations that alter curvature mislocalize intermediate filament crescentin cluster on back surface MreB's structure. Another subset have variable widths, wide bodies actively growing thin extensions poles concentrate...

The synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall is carefully regulated in time and space. In nature, this essential process occurs cells that live fluctuating environments. Here we show spatial distributions specific proteins Caulobacter crescentus are sensitive to small external osmotic upshifts. penicillin-binding protein PBP2, which commonly branded as an elongation-specific transpeptidase, switches its localization from a dispersed, patchy pattern accumulation at FtsZ ring location response...

Rod-shaped bacteria typically elongate at a uniform width. To investigate the genetic and physiological determinants involved in this process, we studied mutation morphogenetic protein MreB Caulobacter crescentus that gives rise to cells with variable-width phenotype, where have regions are both thinner wider than wild-type. During growth, individual develop balance of wide thin regions, mutant dynamically localizes poles regions. Surprisingly, surface area volume ratio these irregularly...

Abstract Amorphous materials exhibit complex material properties with strongly nonlinear behaviors. Below a yield stress they behave as plastic solids, while start to above critical Σ c . A key quantity controlling plasticity which is, however, hard measure is the density P ( x ) of weak spots, where additional required for local failure. In thermodynamic limit ∼ θ singular at = 0 in solid phase below This singularity related presence system spanning avalanches events. Here we address...

Article6 October 2020Open Access Source DataTransparent process Glycolysis regulates Hedgehog signalling via the plasma membrane potential Stephanie Spannl Corresponding Author [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1564 Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany Search for more papers by this author Tomasz Buhl Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Ioannis Nellas Salma A Zeidan K Venkatesan Iyer Physics Complex Systems, Helena Khaliullina...

The signaling protein Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is crucial for the development and function of many vertebrate tissues. It remains largely unclear, however, what defines range specificity pathway activation. adrenal gland represents a useful model to address this question, where SHH activated in very specific subset cells lying near SHH-producing cells, even though there an abundance lipoproteins that would allow travel signal long-range. We determine that, whereas can secrete on lipoproteins,...

Report22 September 2022Open Access Transparent process Hedgehog signaling can enhance glycolytic ATP production in the Drosophila wing disc Ioannis Nellas orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-1487 Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany Excellence Cluster, Physics of Life, Technische Universität Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, ​Investigation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, review & editing Search more papers by...

Abstract How morphogenetic movements are robustly coordinated in space and time is a fundamental open question biology. We study this using the wing of Drosophila melanogaster , an epithelial tissue that undergoes large-scale flows during pupal stages. showed previously (Etournay et al., 2015) morphogenesis involves both cellular behaviors allow relaxation mechanical stress, as well appear to be actively patterned. The core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway influences many other contexts,...