Observations of the optical extreme ultraviolet spectrum Jupiter planetary system during Voyager 1 encounter have revealed previously undetected physical processes significant proportions. Bright emission lines S III, IV, and O III indicating an electron temperature 10(5) K been identified in preliminary analyses Io plasma torus spectrum. Strong auroral atomic molecular hydrogen emissions observed polar regions near magnetic field that map into atmosphere Jupiter. The resonance scattering...

Extreme ultraviolet spectral observations of the Jovian planetary system made during Voyager 2 encounter have extended our knowledge many phenomena and physical processes discovered by 1 spectrometer. In 4 months between encounters, radiation from Io's plasma torus has increased in intensity a factor about 2. This change was accompanied decrease temperature 30 percent. The high-latitude auroral zones been positively associated with magnetic projection onto planet. Emission molecular hydrogen...

Metrology requirements for optical components third-generation synchrotron sources are taxing the state of art in manufacturing technology. We have investigated a number error commercial figure measurement instrument, Long-Trace-Profiler II, and demonstrated that, with some simple modifications, we can significantly reduce effect improve accuracy reliability measurement. By keeping head stationary moving penta prism along translation stage, as original pencil-beam interferometer design von...

We describe the characterization of TimepixCam, a novel camera used to time-stamp optical photons. The employs specialized silicon sensor with thin entrance window, read out by Timepix ASIC. TimepixCam is able record and light flashes exceeding 1,000 photons 15 ns time resolution. Specially produced photodiodes were evaluate quantum efficiency, which was determined be higher than 90% in wavelength range 430–900 nm. sensitivity ion detection efficiency compared for variety sensors different...

Accurate knowledge of the instrument transfer function (ITF) is vital for topography measurements using white‐light interferometry (WLI). To this end, we derive a complete set analytical expressions power spectral density (PSD) discretely-sampled binary pseudo‐random array (BPRA) as theoretical benchmark. We then determine ITF by comparing PSD with measured BPRA. For Zygo ZeGage™ Pro HR 50× objective, determined closely matches nominal modulation (MTF). Accordingly, integrate MTF into...

Accurate knowledge of the instrument transfer function (ITF) is vital for topography measurements using white‐light interferometry (WLI). To this end, we derive a complete set analytical expressions power spectral density (PSD) discretely-sampled binary pseudo‐random array (BPRA) as theoretical benchmark. We then determine ITF by comparing PSD with measured BPRA. For Zygo ZeGage™ Pro HR 50× objective, determined closely matches nominal modulation (MTF). Accordingly, integrate MTF into...

Observations of Comet Kohoutek (1973f) in the spectral region between 1200 and 3200 angstroms were made from an Aerobee rocket on 5.1 January 1974 universal time. The strongest features observed Lyman alpha line neutral atomic hydrogen at 1216 hydroxyl (OH) bands 3090 3142 angstroms. Atomic oxygen carbon also detected, their luminosity implies a production rate (of monoxide or dioxide) commensurate with that water vapor.

The response of cylindrical Langmuir probes in magnetoplasmas is studied from a perspective which focuses on the relative magnitudes Larmor radius and sheath size. approach results classification for magnetic field effects involves not only strength but also plasma parameters density, temperature, applied probe potential. It specifically shown that 0.25 G can have similar current collection properties an ionospheric (Ne≈106 cm−3) as 30 kG would hot, dense laboratory (Ne≈1015 cm−3)....

Nitric oxide twilight emission above 140 km in the γ‐ and δ‐bands was observed with a rocket‐borne spectrophotometer. The relative intensity of two band systems indicates that is produced predominantly by chemiluminescent pre‐association oxygen nitrogen atoms.

Aquatic insects detect water by the horizontal polarization of water-reflected light and thus are attracted to such light. Recently, in Hungarian Lake Balaton we observed dark patches forming between every autumn spring because inflow black suspended/dissolved organic matter into bright lake water. Earlier, characteristics surfaces were mapped imaging polarimeters from ground. In order measure reflection-polarization patterns these higher viewpoint flying polarotactic aquatic insects,...

Specific polarized light pollution (PLP) means the adverse influences of strongly and horizontally reflected from smooth dark artificial surfaces on polarotactic water-seeking aquatic insects. Typical PLP sources are photovoltaic panels. Using drone-based imaging polarimetry, in a solar panel farm, we measured reflection-polarization patterns fixed-tilt panels viewpoint flying insects, which most endangered targets potential victims such We found that temporal changes were complementary for...

We report measurements of synchrotron radiation emission in the wavelength region from 30 to 400 \ensuremath{\mu}m where coherent enhancement was predicted. The power ratio relative a blackbody source exhibits no such and can be accounted for by incoherent theory. This discrepancy is explained showing that reduced when proper account taken phases all emitting particles.

We suggest and describe the use of a binary pseudorandom (BPR) grating as standard test surface for measurement modulation transfer function (MTF) interferometric microscopes. Knowledge MTF microscope is absolutely necessary to convert measured height distribution undergoing metrology into an accurate power spectral density (PSD) distribution. For ideal with independent spatial frequency out Nyquist detector array zero response at higher frequencies, BPR would produce flat 1-D PSD spectrum,...

A modulation transfer function (MTF) calibration method based on binary pseudorandom (BPR) gratings and arrays has been proven to be an effective MTF for interferometric microscopes a scatterometer. Here we report further expansion of the application range method. We describe 6 in. phase shifting Fizeau interferometer. Beyond providing direct measurement interferometer's MTF, tests with BPR array surface have revealed asymmetry in instrument's data processing algorithm that fundamentally...

The far ultraviolet day airglow between 1130 and 1520 Å was observed at 4.4-Å spectral resolution with a scanning spectrophotometer aboard an Aerobee rocket on December 11, 1972. Fourteen bands, or blends, of the N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) system are clearly resolved indicate total LBH zenith column emission rate 3810 ± 520 R extrapolated to subsolar point. No bands originating from vibrational levels υ′ > 6 observed, nor any Birge-Hopfield observed. A photoelectron flux model, based...

Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) neutron supermirrors can efficiently focus polychromatic beams to micrometre dimensions. The ultimate size is determined mainly by the perfection of mirrors and beam needed have sufficient experimental signal. Nested or Montel KB collect ∼2.6 times more than standard sequential optics, but require good figure at edge one mirror. This paper describes characterization errors over important reflective portions two for a focusing pair. measurements are placed in context...

Characterization and testing of an L-shaped laterally graded multilayer mirror are presented. This is designed as a two-dimensional collimating optics for the analyzer system ultra-high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) spectrometer at National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). The characterization includes point-to-point reflectivity measurements, lattice parameter determination metrology (figure, slope error roughness). synchrotron test was carried out reversely focusing...

The practical testing and specification of x-ray UV mirrors requires a scattering theory to link topographic finish errors functional performance. This paper examines various smooth-surface theories that have been proposed for this purpose, with particular attention their behavior near the critical angle where surface reflectivity is rapid function angle. Of diffraction considered, Rayleigh-Rice vector perturbation most realistic; predicts distributions are characteristically different fram...

Optical metrology tools, especially for short wavelengths (extreme ultraviolet and x-ray), must cover a wide range of spatial frequencies from the very low, which affects figure, to important mid-spatial high frequency range, produces undesirable scattering. A major difficulty in using surface profilometers arises due unknown point-spread function (PSF) instruments [G. D. Boreman, Modulation Transfer Function Electro-Optical Systems (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2001)] that is responsible...

If a human looks at the clear blue sky from which light with high enough degree of polarization d originates, an 8-shaped bowtie-like figure, yellow Haidinger's brush can be perceived, long axis points towards sun. A band arcs across 90° person pick two on that band, observe brushes and triangulate position sun based orientation observed brushes. This method has been suggested to have used open sea by Viking navigators determine invisible occluded cloud or fog. Furthermore, also locate when...

Views Icon Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Search Site Citation Peter Z. Takacs, Shinan Qian; Accuracy Limitations in Long‐Trace Profilometry. AIP Conf. Proc. 12 May 2004; 705 (1): 831–834. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1757924 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Dropdown Menu input auto...

The long trace profiler (LTP) is a useful optical metrology instrument for measuring the figure and slope error of cylindrical aspheres commonly used as synchrotron radiation (SR) optics. A multiple-function LTP (LTP-MF) developed at laboratories Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) with goal increasing accuracy measurement extending range applications to other areas. Characteristics LTP-MF are very compact lightweight head, large angular test (±16 mrad), high accuracy. can be in various...