Metabolic dysregulation (e.g., hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, etc.) is a hallmark of obesity-related diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease. In this study, we assessed whether dietary capsaicin attenuated the metabolic in genetically obese diabetic KKAy mice, which have severe phenotypes. Male mice fed high-fat diet for weeks received 0.015% supplement further 3 were compared with nonsupplemented controls. Dietary markedly decreased...

Obesity‐induced hypothalamic inflammation is closely associated with various metabolic complications and neurodegenerative disorders. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in central nervous system, play a crucial role pathological inflammatory processes. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes accumulate lipid droplets under saturated fatty acid‐rich conditions, such as obese environment, lipid‐laden increase astrogliosis markers cytokines ( TNF α, IL ‐1β, ‐6, MCP ‐1) at transcript and/or...

Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation is characterized by activation of microglia, which are resident macrophages the central nervous system, and implicated in derangement energy homeostasis, metabolic complications, neurodegenerative diseases. Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, known to protect against oxidative stress inflammation-related complications. Here, we demonstrate that quercetin reduces obesity-induced inhibiting microglia-mediated inflammatory responses, beneficial...

Severe COVID-19 can trigger a cytokine storm, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with similarities superantigen-induced toxic shock syndrome. An outstanding question is whether SARS-CoV-2 protein sequences directly induce inflammatory responses. In this study, we identify region in the S2 spike sequence homology bacterial super-antigens (termed P3). Computational modeling predicts P3 binding sites on MHC class I/II and TCR that partially overlap for of staphylococcal...

Background/Aim: Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SLE-PAH) is a severe complication marked by elevated artery pressure, leading to exertional dyspnea and right-sided heart failure. Standard treatments frequently fall short in effectively controlling symptoms, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This aim of this study was investigate efficacy molecular hydrogen therapy patient with SLE-PAH decompensated right-side Case Report: We...

While immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has transformed cancer treatment, the signaling pathways underlying T-cell function optimization remain incompletely understood. glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a negative regulator and CD4+ T-cells provide help for CD8+ development, events controlling CD4-CD8 cooperation are unclear. Here, using GSK-3 knock-down mice (GSK-3KD), we show that central of cooperation, specifically in enhancing expression granzymes necessary CTL killing. GSK-3KD...

Adipose macrophages with the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype protect against obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which elicits antioxidant activity, modulates macrophage phenotypes thus is implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrate that HO-1 inducer, hemin, protects adipose by inducing to switch phenotype. induction hemin reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF- α IL-6) from cocultured adipocytes inhibiting...

In this study, we investigated effects of pine nut oil (PNO) on high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD with 15% energy from lard 30% either soybean (SBO-HFD) or PNO (PNO-HFD) for 12 weeks. The PNO-HFD resulted less weight gain intramuscular lipid accumulation than the SBO-HFD was accompanied by upregulation transcripts proteins related to oxidative metabolism phosphorylation AMP-activated...

Obesity-induced adipose inflammation is characterized by recruitment of macrophages to tissue and release inflammatory cytokines. 4-1BB, a costimulatory receptor, modulates processes through interaction with its ligand 4-1BBL on immune cell surfaces. In this study, we examined whether 4-1BB/4-1BBL between adipocytes participates in obesity-induced inflammation. We found that 4-1BB was expressed upregulated obesity-related factors, which also enhanced expression macrophages. and/or agonists,...

Visfatin is an adipokine that secreted from adipose tissue, and it involved in a variety of physiological processes. In particular, visfatin has been implicated metabolic diseases, such as obesity type 2 diabetes, which are directly linked to systemic inflammation. However, the potential impacts on hypothalamic control energy homeostasis, microglial inflammation, have not fully investigated. this study, we found treatment with exogenous recombinant protein led activation inflammatory...

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, plays integral roles in lipid and glucose metabolism peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, tissue, liver. Moreover, it has also been shown to have impact on metabolic processes central nervous system. Astrocytes comprise most abundant cell type system actively participate between blood vessels neurons. However, ability of adiponectin control nutrient astrocytes not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated effects multiple...

The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a central unit that controls the appetite through integration of metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal afferent inputs. Agouti-related protein (AgRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), dopaminergic neurons in Arc differentially regulate feeding behaviors response to hunger, satiety, appetite, respectively. At time writing, anatomical electrophysiological characterization these three has not yet been intensively explored. Here, we interrogated overall AgRP,...

This study examined the effect of gender and body weight on pharmacokinetic properties Nicotine Transdermal System (NTS) (Nicoderm). NTS was applied for 24 hours to 13 normal‐sized men, women, obese all whom were smokers who had abstained from cigarettes previous hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined during a single application system. The mean nicotine maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) area under curve (AUC) values women did not differ significantly those men. Cmax AUC values,...

The influence of chronic hyper- and hypothyroidism on the uptake retention tritiated noradrenaline ([3-H]NA) endogenous (NA) content various adrenergically innervated tissues was studied in thyroidectomized sham-operated euthyroid rats. Half rats were treated daily with thyroxine (25 mug/kg) for 3 or 12 weeks to simulate a condition hyperthyroidism, while other half left untreated form hypothyroid group. body weight heart rate each rat measured at end experiment, addition, week oxygen...

Adiponectin, an adipokine derived from the adipose tissue, manifests anti-inflammatory effects in metabolically active organs and is, therefore, beneficial various metabolic diseases associated with inflammation. However, role of adiponectin alleviating hypothalamic inflammation connected to pathogenesis obesity has not yet been clearly interrogated. Here, we identified that systemic administration suppresses activation microglia thereby reverses during short-term exposure a high-fat diet....

Molecular profiling of the hypothalamus in response to metabolic shifts is a critical cue better understand principle central control whole-body energy metabolism. The transcriptional responses rodent short-term calorie restriction have been documented. However, studies on identification hypothalamic secretory factors that potentially contribute appetite are lacking. In this study, we analyzed differential expression genes and compared selected from fasted mice with those fed using bulk...

SUMMARY This study determined whether the timing of re-feeding protein-deficient mice restored functional protection against gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides bakeri . Balb/c were fed a 3% (PD) diet and then transferred to 24% protein-sufficient (PS) either on day primary infection, 10 days after challenge or 7 infection. Control PD PS diet. Onset challenge, but not primary, infection caused short-term body weight loss, anorexia reduced feed efficiency. Weight gain was delayed in...

SUMMARY Balb/c mice infected with the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri were fed protein sufficient (PS, 24%) or deficient (PD, 3%) diets to investigate whether diet, infection dose of larval challenge (0, 100 200 larvae) influenced gut pathophysiology and inflammation. Among PS mice, worms more posteriorad in intestine compared larvae, suggesting active expulsion heavily mice. This was consistent positive correlation between worm numbers fluid leakage mice; similar patterns...

Immune cells (e.g. macrophages and T cells) in adipose tissue play a crucial role the development of obesity-induced inflammation metabolic disorders. Here we report findings suggesting that immune signaling molecule 4-1BB/CD137 is novel target for treatment obesity 4-1BB stimulation with agonistic antibody reduced body weight adiposity markedly improved glucose intolerance hepatosteatosis diet-induced obese mice genetically obese/diabetic mice. Increases lymphoid cell expansion/activation...

Obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation is characterized by increased macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, we investigated whether 4-1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF9) that provides signals, participates in obesity-induced inflammation. Expression 4-1BB gene, accompanied levels cytokines, was markedly upregulated obese mice fed high-fat diet, cells treated with obesity factors, cocultured cells/macrophages. vitro stimulation...

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a natural thymine catabolite, is involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolic disorders. In particular, it has been reported to reverse inflammatory processes observed peripheral organs animal models obesity. Therefore, this study aimed investigate whether BAIBA improves hypothalamic inflammation, which also tightly coupled with development We that treatment effectively reversed palmitic acid-induced inflammation and microglial activation...

Obesity-induced monocyte/macrophage proliferation and activation play a crucial role in various chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis. 4-1BBL, member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily expressed on monocytes/macrophages, provides signals to modulate their proliferation, survival, cytokine release. Previously, we demonstrated that 4-1BBL signaling promotes adipose inflammation through enhancement macrophage activation....

Abstract COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, can lead to a severe inflammatory disease characterized significant lymphopenia. However, the underlying cause for depletion of T-cells in COVID-19 patients remains incompletely understood. In this study, we assessed presence different T-cell subsets progression from mild disease, with focus on TCF1 expressing progenitor that are needed replenish peripheral during infection. Our results showed preferential decline TCF1+ CD4 and CD8+ severity. This was...