The existence of a region low pH juxtaposed to the proximal jejunum has been proposed explain anomalies in transfer weakly-ionizing substances: yet no direct evidence for this layer exists. Surface electrode studies on everted sacs revealed and estimated be at least 5.5 when buffer is 7.2. With 60 μ m long tip microelectrodes, value 6.0 was obtained, however, dimensions microclimate are uncertain. Optical experiments with pH-indicators using microscope 20 resolving power flat strips vitro ,...

Fast amoeboid migration is critical for developmental processes and can be hijacked by cancer cells to enhance metastatic dissemination. This migratory behavior tightly controlled high levels of actomyosin contractility, but how it coupled other cytoskeletal components poorly understood. Septins are increasingly recognized as novel components, details on their regulation contribution lacking. Here, we show that the septin regulator Cdc42EP5 consistently required melanoma invade migrate into...

The surface pH of human proximal jejunum was measured in biopsy samples and found to be more acid than the phosphate buffer which they were incubated. vitro jejunal 5.93 +/- 0.05 control subjects 6.19 0.09 treated coeliac patients. A group untreated patients with a 6.56 0.14 had significantly less compared controls, as did Crohn's 6.21 0.04. These two groups raised subdivisible into 'high' 'low'groups. Surface remain low but became over incubation period reaching almost normal values coelic...

Microbial pathogens employ sophisticated virulence strategies to cause infections in humans. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila encodes RidL hijack the host scaffold protein VPS29, a component of retromer and retriever complexes critical for endosomal cargo recycling. Here, we determined crystal structure L. complex with human VPS29-VPS35 subcomplex. A hairpin loop protruding from inserts into conserved pocket on VPS29 that is also used by cellular ligands, such as...

The pH of the intestinal surface was measured in rat jejunum and ileum human jejunal biopsy samples by a 30 micron glass pH-electrode. This low became more neutral less acid presence 10 mM mucosal aminophylline or ouabain absence added glucose; glucose necessary for maintenance over incubation period. values obtained under various conditions correlated with previously estimates rate acidification similar conditions. Acidification not product submucosal layers but structurally intact cells...

Significance A long-standing question in the field of microbial pathogenesis is how virulence factors are regulated within host cells and their activity specifically directed toward a particular cell compartment. Legionella pneumophila resolves this dilemma by tightly coupling phospholipase A1 one its effectors, vacuolar protein sorting inhibitor D (VipD), to protein’s interaction with endosomal GTPases. We now present crystal structure VipD complex Rab5c, providing detailed look into...

The eukaryotic ubiquitylation machinery catalyzes the covalent attachment of small protein modifier ubiquitin to cellular target proteins in order alter their fate. Microbial pathogens exploit this post-translational modification process by encoding molecular mimics E3 ligases, enzymes that catalyze final step cascade. Here, we show Legionella pneumophila effector RavN belongs a growing class bacterial mimic host cell ligases pathway. ligase activity was located within its N-terminal region...

Numerous studies conducted in a diversity of adult tissues have shown that certain stem cells are characterized by the expression protein known as ABCG2 transporter (where ABC is ATP- binding cassette). In pancreas, although various multipotent progenitors been proposed, marker has only detected so-called ‘side population’ (a primitive haematopoietic cell population with multipotential capacity). present study we sought to identify new ABCG2+ pancreatic populations and explore whether they...

TrwC, the relaxase of plasmid R388, catalyzes a series concerted DNA cleavage and strand transfer reactions on specific site (nic) its origin (oriT). nic contains an adjacent inverted repeat (IR(2)). Mutation analysis in region indicated that recognition IR(2) proximal arm nucleotides located between were essential for supercoiled processing, as judged either by vitro or mobilization containing oriT. Formation cruciform distal loop not necessary these to take place. On other hand, was...

Prostanoids, that are released from nonparenchymal liver cells in response to proinflammatory stimuli, involved the regulation of hepatic functions during inflammation. They exert their effects on target via heptahelical receptors plasma membrane. For 5 prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), F(2alpha), D(2) (PGD(2)), prostacyclin, and thromboxane A(2) there exist 8 coupled different heterotrimeric G proteins. These expressed differentially 4 principal cell types, i.e., hepatocytes, Kupffer...

Summary MbeA is a 60 kDa protein encoded by plasmid ColE1. It plays key role in conjugative mobilization. MbeA*, slightly truncated version of MbeA, was purified for vitro analysis. MbeA* catalysed DNA cleavage and strand‐transfer reactions using oligonucleotides embracing the ColE1 nic site, which mapped to 5′‐(1469)CTGG/CTTA(1462)‐3′. Thus relaxase conjugal mobilization, spite fact that it lacks three histidine motif considered invariant signature relaxases. Amino acid sequence comparisons...

1. Propranolol and folic acid absorption were studied separately in healthy subjects, non-coeliac patients with treated untreated coeliac disease. 2. The surface pH of jejunal biopsy samples was measured a electrode. 3. When compared values found plasma propranolol levels elevated disease and, contrast, serum depressed after oral administration the drug. Jejunal more alkaline groups than subjects. 4. Pharmacokinetic analysis drug allowed evaluation rate constants associated elimination....

Genetic and biochemical characterization of TraA, the relaxase symbiotic plasmid pRetCFN42d from Rhizobium etli, is described. After purifying domain (N265TraA), we demonstrated nic binding cleavage activity in vitro thus characterized for first time nick site (nic) a family Rhizobiaceae. We studied range N265TraA specificity by testing different oligonucleotides nicking assays. In addition, ability to mobilize Rhizobiaceae origins transfer (oriT) was examined. Data obtained with these...

The target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway plays a key role in the coordination between cellular growth and cell cycle machinery eukaryotes. underlying molecular mechanisms by which TOR might regulate events after anaphase remain unknown. We show for first time that one 2 complexes budding yeast, TORC1, blocks separation cells following cytokinesis phosphorylation member NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) protein-kinase family, protein Cbk1. observe TORC1 alters pattern Cbk1 we identify...