Following high profile, life changing long term mental illnesses and fatalities in sports such as skiing, cricket American football—sports injuries feature regularly national international news. A mismatch between equipment certification tests, user expectations infield falls collisions is thought to affect risk perception, increasing the prevalence severity of injuries. Auxetic foams, structures textiles have been suggested for application sporting goods, particularly protective equipment,...

Mechanical loading is thought to be a determinant of bone mass and geometry. Both ground reaction forces tibial strains increase with running speed. This study investigates the hypothesis that surrogates strength in male female master sprinters, middle long distance runners race-walkers vary according discipline-specific mechanical from sedentary controls. Bone scans were obtained by peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) tibia radius 106 52 runners, 93 49 who competing at...

The impact of using different resistance training (RT) kinematics, which therefore alters RT mechanics, and their subsequent effect on adaptations remain largely unreported. aim this study was to identify the differences at a longer (LR) compared with shorter (SR) range motion (ROM) time course any changes during detraining. Recreationally active participants in LR (aged 19 ± 2.6 years; n = 8) SR 3.4 groups undertook 8 weeks 4 Muscle size, architecture, subcutaneous fat, strength were...

Abstract It is unknown whether loading of the lower limbs through additional storage fat mass as evident in obesity would promote muscular adaptations similar to those seen with resistance exercise. also unclear ageing modulates any such adjustments. This study aimed examine relationships between adiposity, and skeletal muscle size architecture. A total 100 untrained healthy women were categorised by age into young (Y) (mean ± SD : 26.7 9.4 years) vs. old (O) (65.1 7.2 body index ( BMI)...

To investigate whether there is a sex difference in exercise induced muscle damage.Vastus Lateralis and patella tendon properties were measured males females using ultrasonography. During maximal voluntary eccentric knee extensions (12 reps x 6 sets), Vastus fascicle lengthening torque recorded every 10° of joint angle (20-90°). Isometric torque, Creatine Kinase soreness pre, post, 48, 96 168 hours post damage as markers damage.Patella stiffness significantly higher compared to (p<0.05)....

Background Three commonly used non-invasive protocols are implemented to estimate the timing at which PHV most likely occurs. Accurate estimation of circumpubertal years can aid in managing training load adolescent athletes.Aim were compared against observed age PHV: an 13.8 ± 1.0 – generic (from longitudinal measures); based on maturity offset equation, predicted ±1.0 year; a window 85–96% adult height time observation.Subjects and methods A final sample 23 28) male participants selected...

Auxetic materials behave unconventionally under deformation, which enhances material properties such as resistance to indentation and energy absorption. Auxetics, therefore, have the potential enhance sporting protective equipment. Herein, finite element modeling, additive manufacturing impact testing of three auxetic lattices, a conventional equivalent, with view advance implementation within sports equipment, are explored. The lattices modeled impacts simulated between 1 5 J, for flat...

Abstract Human bone is highly heterogeneous at the microscale and this heterogeneity has been thought to relate some fracture scenarios. The fatigue strength of cortical shown its inner architecture (osteonal or fibrolamellar) physical characteristics in past, but never microstructure. present study examines for first time, human six individuals various ages three main modes (tension, compression, shear), salient these same specimens elastic mismatch that a microstructural level by...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated with increased fat mass and ageing, were associated muscle properties in young older people variable adiposity.Seventy-five (18-49 yrs) 67 (50-80 healthy, untrained men women (BMI: 17-49 kg/m2) performed isometric isokinetic plantar flexor maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs). Volume (Vm), fascicle pennation angle (FPA), physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) the gastrocnemius medialis...

The main and interactive effect of biological maturity relative age upon physical performance in adolescent male soccer players was considered. Consistent with previous research, it hypothesised that participants greater or born earlier the selection year would perform better terms tests. This cross-sectional study consisted 84 aged between 11.3 16.2 years from a professional academy English Premier League. Date birth, height, weight, parental height were collected. Sprint, change direction,...

Elastic tendons have been suggested to attenuate fascicle lengthening during eccentric contractions; however, there is no in vivo evidence support this hypothesis. Therefore, the aim of study was determine whether patella tendon stiffness modulates vastus lateralis (VL) contractions males and females.Vastus properties were measured females owing previously reported intrinsic gender differences properties. During maximal voluntary knee extensions, VL torque recorded at every 10° (range motion...

Bone loss during immobilization is well documented. Currently, the only means of studying this in human beings bed rest, which resource intensive and inconvenient for subjects. Unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) has been suggested as an alternative, but not previously demonstrated to cause bone loss. The main aim our study was test hypothesis that ULLS would determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). We investigated eight young healthy volunteers (19.1 +/- 0.7...

Modulation of muscle characteristics was attempted through altering stretch during resistance training. We hypothesized that would enhance responses.Participants trained for 8 weeks, loading the quadriceps in a shortened (SL, 0-50° knee flexion; n=10) or lengthened (LL, 40-90°; n=11) position, followed by 4 weeks detraining. Controls (CON; were untrained. Quadriceps strength, vastus lateralis architecture, anatomical cross-sectional area (aCSA), and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)...

Obesity has previously been associated with greater muscle strength. Aging, on the other hand, reduces specific force (the per unit physiological cross-sectional area [PCSA] of muscle). However, neither effect obesity skeletal nor combined effects aging and this parameter are known. This study aimed to describe interplay between body mass index (BMI)/adiposity, aging, force. Ninety-four untrained healthy women categorized by age into young (Y; mean ± SD: 25.5 9.0 years) versus old (O; 64.8...

We present results on the growth of damage in 29 fatigue tests human femoral cortical bone from four individuals, aged 53–79. In these we examine interdependency stress, cycles to failure, rate creep strain, and modulus loss. The behavior rates has been reported recently for same donors as an effect stress (Cotton, J. R., Zioupos, P., Winwood, K., Taylor, M., 2003, “Analysis Creep Strain During Tensile Fatigue Cortical Bone,” Biomech. 36, pp. 943–949). paper first how evolution (drop per...

Purpose To compare the relative changes in muscle-tendon complex (MTC) properties following high load resistance training (RT) young males and females, determine any link with circulating TGFβ-1 IGF-I levels. Methods Twenty-eight participants were assigned to a group subdivided by sex (T [TM] aged 20±1 year, n = 8, T females [TF] 19±3 8), whilst age-matched 6 control groups (ConM/F). The completed 8 weeks of (RT). MTC (Vastus Lateralis, VL) physiological cross-sectional area (pCSA),...

Excessive material thinning has been observed in the production of custom-made mouthguards a number studies, due to anomalies that may lead such thinning. This study investigated patterns when anterior angulation dental model was increased during thermoforming process.A total 60 samples mouthguard blanks were thermoformed on identical maxillary models under four inclination conditions (n = 4 × 15): control 0, 15, 30 and 45°. Each sample measured, using an electronic calliper gauge at three...

Mouthguard retention could potentially increase an athlete's motivation to wear the device, due potential improvements in physical comfort. The aim of this study was examine retentive properties selected customised mouthguard designs, during normal conditions (dry) and within presence artificial saliva (wet). Additionally, correlation between thickness investigated.Six different custom designs (MG1-MG6) reported previous studies, were pressure-formed with 2 4 mm blanks accordingly. Thickness...

Abstract It is a common theme in basic bone biomechanics and biomechanical applications that much of the behavior can be determined dictated by level strain, whether this pertains to physiology, remodeling, osseoinduction, osseointegration, or development damage. The damage, demonstrated stiffness loss measurements, has already been reported detail literature. However, systematic study “plastic” (residual) strains, which are associated with inelastic mechanical tissue, generally overlooked....