Abstract Background Timely molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 ( k13 ) gene mutations is essential for monitoring the emergence and stemming spread artemisinin resistance. Widespread resistance, as observed in Southeast Asia, would reverse significant gains that have been made against malaria burden Africa. The purpose this study was to assess prevalence polymorphisms western Kenya Ethiopia at sites representing varying transmission intensities between 2018 2022. Methods...

Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are known to be highly effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. However, usage varies among households, such variations actual may seriously limit the potential impact of cause spatial heterogeneity on transmission. This study examined ITN ownership underlying factors for among-household variation use, transmission two highland regions western Kenya. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted (possession), compliance (actual those who own ITNs),...

Background The impact of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) on reducing malaria incidence is shown mainly through data collection from health facilities. Routine evaluation long-term epidemiological and entomological dynamics currently unavailable. In Kenya, new policies supporting the provision free ITNs were implemented nationwide in June 2006. To evaluate impacts transmission, we conducted monthly surveys three sentinel sites with different transmission intensities western Kenya 2002 to...

The widespread use of indoor-based malaria vector control interventions has been shown to alter the behaviour vectors in Africa. There is an increasing concern that such changes could sustain residual transmission. This study was conducted assess species composition, feeding and their contribution indoor outdoor transmission western Kenya. Anopheles mosquito collections were carried out from September 2015 April 2016 Ahero Iguhu sites, Kenya using CDC light traps (indoor outdoor), pyrethrum...

Kenyan women aged ≥ 15 years are at risk of developing cervical cancer. Currently, cytology reduces cancer incidence, since it allows for early diagnosis and treatment. Uptake screening services is a priority research area in Kenya. Central to the success any programme its ability identify, reach out screen defined target population. Cervical coverage Kenya currently 3.2%. In Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching Referral Hospital (JOOTRH) Nyanza, number screened low (averagely 3/day). Thus...

Abstract Background Simple modifications of typical rural house design can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method reducing indoor mosquito vector densities consequently decreasing malaria transmission. Public health scientists have shown the potential for to protect people against malaria, yet this type intervention remains virtually ignored. A randomized-controlled study was, therefore, undertaken determine effects control on density resting vectors in a rice irrigation scheme...

Background Larval control is of paramount importance in the reduction malaria vector abundance and subsequent disease transmission reduction. Understanding larval habitat succession its ecology different land use managements cropping systems can give an insight for effective source management practices. This study investigated ecological parameters which influence epidemic prone areas western Kenya. Methods Findings A total 51 aquatic habitats positive anopheline larvae were surveyed visited...

Abstract We conducted standard insecticide susceptibility testing across western Kenya and found that the Anopheles gambiae mosquito has acquired high resistance to pyrethroids DDT, patchy carbamates, but no organophosphates. Use of non–pyrethroid-based vector control tools may be preferable for malaria prevention in this region.

Abstract Background Brucellosis in Africa is caused by Brucella species transmitted through contaminated or contacts with infected animals their carcasses. The disease reduces livestock production and reproduction performance evident frequent episodes of abortion, still births, swollen testes, weak calves/lambs joints. However, the socio-economic impacts these brucellosis-associated symptoms on milk, fat, meat blood production, infertility, sale value, dowry costs treatment has not been...

Abstract Knowledge of insect dispersal is relevant to the control agricultural pests, vector-borne transmission human and veterinary pathogens, biodiversity. Previous studies in a malaria endemic area Sahel region West Africa revealed high-altitude, long-distance migration insects various mosquito species. The objective current study was assess whether similar behavior exhibited by mosquitoes other around Lake Victoria basin Kenya East Africa. Insects were sampled monthly from dusk dawn over...

Topographic parameters such as elevation, slope, aspect, and ruggedness play an important role in malaria transmission the highland areas. They affect biological systems, larval habitats presence productivity for mosquitoes. This study investigated whether distribution of local spatial vectors risk infection with parasites highlands is related to topography. Four villages each measuring 9 Km2 lying between 1400-1700 m above sea level western Kenya were categorized into a pair broad narrow...

Antimalarial drug resistance has threatened global malaria control since chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum emerged in Asia the 1950s. Understanding impacts of changing antimalarial policy on is critical for management. isolates were collected from 2003 to 2015 western Kenya and analyzed genetic markers associated with CQ ( Pfcrt ), sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) Pfdhfr / Pfdhps artemether–lumefantrine (AL) PfKelch13 Pfmdr1 ) antimalarials. In addition, household use surveys...

Background Passive surveillance of malaria in health facilities remains vital for implementation control and elimination programs. It is therefore essential understanding current age profile clinical morbidity, mortality presentations areas with variant infection susceptibility. This study aimed at the morbidity Western Kenya. Methods Surveillance asymptomatic parasitological positivity rates all suspected patients school children were respectively determined from June 2015 to August 2016....

The microbial larvicides Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and sphaericus have been used extensively for mosquito control found to be effective safe non-target organisms cohabiting with larvae. Recently developed long lasting (LLML), although evading the previous challenge of short duration activity, increase risk persistence toxins in treated larval habitats. This study monitored impact LLML FourStar® LL3 on larvae an operational malaria vectors western Kenya highlands. A total 300...

Mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is a cost-effective way to achieve universal coverage, but maintaining this coverage more difficult. In addition commonly used indicators, evaluation should include effective and changes in over time. Longitudinal cross-sectional household ITN surveys were carried out from 2010 2013 six locations representing variety settings across western Kenya. Five indicators evaluate the current status coverage: 1) ownership – proportion households...

Parasite genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) affect clinical outcomes, response to drug treatment naturally-acquired or vaccine-induced immunity. Traditional methods often underestimate the frequency multiclonal infections due technical sensitivity specificity. Next-generation sequencing techniques provide a novel opportunity study complexity parasite populations molecular epidemiology. Symptomatic asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax samples were collected from health...

Abstract A thorough understanding of malaria vector species composition and their bionomic characteristics is crucial to devise effective efficient control interventions reduce transmission. It has been well documented in Africa that the past decade have resulted major changes from endophilic Anopheles gambiae exophilic An. arabiensis . However, role cryptic rare mosquito transmission not known. This study examined distribution, with a particular focus on potential novel, uncharacterized...

Abstract Background Malaria control in Kenya is based on case management and vector using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, the development of insecticide resistance compromises effectiveness insecticide-based programs. The use pesticides for agricultural purposes has been implicated as one sources driving selection resistance. current study was undertaken to assess status mechanism malaria vectors irrigated non-irrigated areas with varying...

ABSTRACT Anti‐malaria interventions typically reduce the intensity of Plasmodium transmission, but effects reduced transmission on P. falciparum population biology remain unclear. Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in were used to investigate genetic diversity, polyclonality and structure among populations areas varying malaria across Kenya. We also assessed relationships between metrics derived from data, estimates bioclimatic variables. Despite an overall reduction Kenya 2005 2014,...

Increasing unplanned urbanization in tropical Africa may create new niches for malaria vectors, raising transmission risk, yet control efforts focus on rural ecosystems. Understanding mosquito diversity, ecology and biting behaviour urban areas is crucial effective control. This study assessed Anopheles abundance, behaviour, Plasmodium infection rates Kisumu city, Kenya. Indoor outdoor host-seeking resting adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC miniature light traps (CDC-LT) Prokopack...

Abstract Background Although the occurrence of malaria vector larvae in valleys western Kenya highlands is well documented, knowledge larval habitats uphill sites lacking. Given that most inhabitants actually dwell regions, it important to develop understanding mosquito breeding habitat stability these order determine their potential for control. Methods A total 128 were identified hilltops and along seasonal streams Sigalagala area Kakamega district, Kenya. Water availability was followed...

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the first-line tools for malaria prevention control in Africa. Vector resistance to insecticides has been extensively studied, however effects of sprayed walls on pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes not studied thoroughly. We evaluated bioefficacy LLINs different ages lambda-cyhalothrin (ICON 10cs) mud a period time vector survivorship. WHO tube bioassay was performed using diagnostic doses (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%)...

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are among the three major intervention measures that have reduced malaria transmission in past decade. However, increased insecticide resistance vectors, together with outdoor transmission, has been suggested as a limit to efficacy of ITN scaling-up efforts. Observations on longitudinal changes coverage and its impact allow policy makers make informed adjustments control strategies. We analyzed field surveys ownership, parasite prevalence, vector population...

Background. Although vaccines currently approved for routine childhood immunization are safe and effective, frequent adverse events following often cause illnesses sometimes loss of public trust in programs. Nurses essential this surveillance system. Objective. To determine nurses' knowledge, perception, practice towards postimmunization within Nairobi County health centers, Kenya. Methods. This is a cross-sectional survey involving nurses (n = 274). Data were collected using...

Abstract Background Surveillance of outdoor host-seeking malaria vectors is crucial to monitor changes in vector biting behaviour and evaluate the impact control interventions. Human landing catch (HLC) has been considered most reliable gold standard surveillance method estimate human-biting rates. However, it labour-intensive, its use facing an increasing ethical concern due potential risk exposure infectious mosquito bites. Thus, alternative methods are required. This study was conducted...