Aggregations of 27 nm virus-like particles were observed in electron microscopy images sectioned Varroa destructor mite tissue. The scattered occurrence individual and accumulation the virions lattices cytoplasm gave an apparent indication that virus replicates mite. Sequence analysis RNA purified revealed a genome organization with high similarity to members genus Iflavirus. Phylogenetic polymerase showed was related most closely Deformed wing (DWV) Kakugo (KV) bees. has 10 112 nt without...

Background The epidemiology of non-Typhi Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia in Africa will likely evolve as potential co-factors, such HIV, malaria, and urbanization, also change. Methods As part population-based surveillance among 55,000 persons malaria-endemic, rural malaria-nonendemic, urban Kenya from 2006–2009, blood cultures were obtained patients presenting to referral clinics with fever ≥38.0°C or severe acute respiratory infection. Incidence rates adjusted based on compatible illnesses,...

Bee keeping is indispensable to global food production. It an alternate income source, especially in rural underdeveloped African settlements, and important forest conservation incentive. However, dwindling honeybee colonies around the world are attributed pests diseases whose spatial distribution influences not well established. In this study, we used remotely sensed data improve reliability of pest ecological niche (EN) models attain reliable maps. Occurrence on four (Aethina tumida,...

Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) are a common cause of respiratory illnesses and responsible for considerable morbidity hospitalization across all age groups especially in individuals with compromised immunity. There six known species HCoV: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV SARS-HCoV. Although studies have shown evidence global distribution HCoVs, there is limited information on their presence Kenya. HCoV strains that circulated Kenya were retrospectively diagnosed molecularly...

African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease constraining smallholder pig production in Democratic Republic of Congo, causing high mortality domestic pigs with severe impacts on livelihoods local populations. This study was conducted aim determining prevalence ASF and circulating virus genotypes asymptomatic raised farms South Kivu province to understand transmission dynamics ultimately improving control. A cross-sectional survey carried out 5 districts where 267 blood were...

Introduction: Arboviruses cause emerging and re-emerging infections affecting humans animals. They are spread primarily by blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, midges, sandflies. Changes in climate, ecology, demographic, land-use patterns, increasing global travel have been linked to an upsurge arboviral disease. Outbreaks occur periodically followed persistent low-level circulation. Aim: This study was undertaken determine the seroepidemiology of selected arboviruses among...

Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonosis of domestic ruminants in Africa. Blood-fed mosquitoes collected during the 2006–2007 RVF outbreak Kenya were analyzed to determine virus infection status and animal source blood meals. Materials Methods: Blood meals from individual mosquito abdomens screened for viruses using Vero cells RT-PCR. DNA was also extracted cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) b (cytb) genes amplified by PCR. Purified amplicons sequenced queried GenBank Barcode Life...

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs. The analysis variable regions virus (ASFV) genome led to more genotypic serotypic information about circulating strains. present study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity ASFV strains in symptomatic pigs South Kivu province Democratic Republic Congo (DRC).

Structure prediction of the 5' non-translated region (NTR) four iflavirus RNAs revealed two types potential internal ribosome entry site (IRES), which are discriminated by size and level complexity, in this group viruses. In contrast to intergenic IRES dicistroviruses, structures iflaviruses do not have pseudoknots. To test activity one these, a bicistronic construct was made NTR Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV-1) containing putative cloned between reporter genes, enhanced green fluorescent...

Abstract African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs, which poses major threat to the industry worldwide. Studies have shown that indigenous pigs tolerate ASFV infection better than European pigs. The porcine v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RelA) encoding p65 kD protein, subunit NF-kB transcription factor, plays important roles in controlling both innate adaptive immunity during with ASFV. In present...

Background Human rhinoviruses ( HRV s) are a well‐established cause of the common cold and recent studies indicated that they may be associated with severe acute respiratory illnesses SARI like pneumonia, asthma, bronchiolitis. Despite global on genetic diversity virus, serotype these viruses across diverse geographic regions in Kenya has not been characterized. Objectives This study sought to characterize strains circulated 2008. Methods A total 517 archived nasopharyngeal samples collected...

Previous studies in the Central African Republic (CAR) have reported presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recombinant genotype E/D and a suspicion immune escape mutants (IEMs), without further investigation into their impact on prevention diagnosis. Consequently, this study investigated HBV mutations among surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients attending Institut Pasteur de Bangui CAR.Sera from total 118 HBsAg-positive with no previous history treatment or vaccination at Bangui, were...

Introduction : There has been a recent increase in the spread of dengue to rural areas. Rural parts western kenya are naturally prone mosquito-borne diseases, however, limited research documented on infections with dengue. This study therefore investigated presence antibodies against virus 2 (denv-2) cross-section febrile out-patients visiting three selected hospitals assess level exposure and possibly identify epidemiologic clinical factors seropositive participants. Methods In...

Chikungunya (CHIK) is a mosquito-borne viral disease. In the 2004 CHIK outbreak in Kenya, diagnosis was delayed because of lack accurate diagnostics. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate an in-house IgM-capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (in-house ELISA) for detection chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections. Anti-CHIKV antibodies were raised rabbits, purified conjugated horseradish peroxidase. These anti-CHIKV cell-culture derived antigen used ELISA. To validate...

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease, affects domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where regular outbreaks are reported leading to high mortality rates approaching 100% affected regions. No study on characteristics complete genome strains responsible for ASF South Kivu province DRC is available, limited better understanding molecular evolution and spread this virus within country. The present aimed at determining sequence...

Ndumu virus (NDUV) is a member of the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus. In Kenya, has been isolated from range mosquito species but not associated with human or animal morbidity. Little know about transmission dynamics vertebrate reservoirs this virus. NDUV was two pools female Culex pipiens mosquitoes, IJR37 (n = 18) IJR73 3), which were collected as larvae on 15 April 2013 dambos near village Marey, Ijara District, Garissa County, reared to adults identified species. These results...

Abstract Dromedary camels are implicated as reservoirs for the zoonotic transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) with respiratory route thought to be main mode transmission. Knowledge and practices regarding MERS among herders, traders slaughterhouse workers were assessed at Athi‐River slaughterhouse, Kenya. Questionnaires administered, a check list was used collect information on hygiene workers. Of 22 persons, all washed hands after handling camels, 82% wore...

Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite that causes East Coast fever (ECF), an economically important disease of cattle in Africa. It transmitted mainly by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Research efforts to develop subunit vaccine based on neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have met with limited success. The molecular mechanisms underlying T. life cycle stages vector bovine host are poorly understood, thus limiting progress toward effective efficient control ECF....

As the threat of zoonoses and emergence pandemic-prone respiratory viruses increases, there is a need to establish baseline information on incidence endemic pathogens in countries worldwide.To investigate presence associated with influenza-like illnesses (ILI) Uganda.A cross-sectional study was conducted which nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from patients diagnosed ILI Kampala Entebbe between 14 August 2008 - 15 December 2008. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for...