Plants must effectively defend against biotic and abiotic stresses to survive in nature. However, this defense is costly often accompanied by significant growth inhibition. How plants coordinate the fluctuating growth-defense dynamics not well understood remains a fundamental question. Jasmonate (JA) gibberellic acid (GA) are important plant hormones that mediate growth, respectively. Binding of bioactive JA or GA ligands cognate receptors leads proteasome-dependent degradation specific...

Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to low non-freezing temperatures results in an increase freezing tolerance that involves action the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) regulatory pathway. CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3, which are rapidly induced response temperature, encode closely related AP2/ERF DNA-binding proteins recognize (CRT)/dehydration-responsive element (DRE) DNA present promoters CBF-regulated genes. The CBF transcription factors alter expression more than 100 genes, known as regulon,...

The CBF (C-repeat binding factor) pathway has a major role in plant cold acclimation, the process whereby certain plants increase freezing tolerance response to low nonfreezing temperatures. In Arabidopsis thaliana, is characterized by rapid induction of CBF1 , CBF2 and CBF3 which encode transcriptional activators, followed CBF-targeted genes that impart tolerance. At warm temperatures, transcript levels are low, but oscillate due circadian regulation with peak expression occurring at 8 h...

The natural range of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) encompasses geographical regions that have greatly differing local climates, including harshness winter temperatures. A question thus raised is whether differences in freezing tolerance might contribute to adaptation Arabidopsis. Consistent with this possibility accessions differ and those collected from colder northern latitudes are generally more tolerant than warmer southern latitudes. Moreover, recent studies genotypes sites Sweden...

Significance In nature, nearly all plants have only a single layer of endodermis. The number cortex cell layers often varies between species and roots on the same plant. Here we show that expression conserved SHORT-ROOT (SHR) protein, in context root Arabidopsis thaliana, is responsible for determining function extent SHR movement. These results provide plausible model regulating plant relies upon controlled intercellular movement transcription factor.

Abstract ZEITLUPE (ZTL), a photoreceptor with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, communicates end-of-day light conditions to the plant circadian clock. It still remains unclear how ZTL protein accumulates in but does not destabilize target proteins before dusk. Two deubiquitylating enzymes, UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 12 and 13 (UBP12 UBP13), which regulate clock period ubiquitylation manner opposite ZTL, associate complex. Here we demonstrate that interacting partner, GIGANTEA (GI), recruits...

Eukaryotic circadian clocks utilize the ubiquitin proteasome system to precisely degrade clock proteins. In plants, F-box-type E3 ligases ZEITLUPE (ZTL), FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1 (FKF1), and LOV PROTEIN2 (LKP2) regulate period couple photoperiodic flowering in response end-of-day light conditions. To better understand their functions, we expressed decoy ZTL, FKF1, LKP2 proteins that associate with target but are unable ubiquitylate targets Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)....

The circadian clock relies on regulated degradation of proteins to maintain rhythmicity. Despite this, we know few components that mediate protein degradation. This is due high levels functional redundancy within plant E3 ubiquitin ligase families. In order overcome this issue and discover ligases control function, generated a library transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing dominant-negative 'decoy' ligases. We determined their effects the identified dozens new potential regulators...

Failure of hollow trees in urban areas is a worldwide concern, and it can be caused by different mechanisms, i.e. bending stresses or flattening-related failures. Here we derive new analytical expression for predicting the moment tangential cracking, compare breaking various failure modes, including Brazier buckling, shear conventional failure, as function t/R ratio, where t R are trunk wall thickness radius, respectively, tree. We use Taiwan red cypress an example show that its modes...

Both endogenous plant proteins and viral movement associate with microtubules to promote their through plasmodesmata. The association of facilitates the formation virus-associated replication complexes, which are required for amplification subsequent spread virus. However, role in intercellular is less clear. Here we show that SHORT-ROOT (SHR) protein, moves between cells root regulate radial patterning, interacts a type-14 kinesin, KINESIN G (KinG). KinG calponin homology domain kinesin...

Probiotics are live-friendly microorganisms that can confer a health benefit on the host if it is consumed in sufficient amounts. Water kefir probiotic-rich fermented beverage contains multi-species of live cultures. Brown sugar and palm were used for water fermentation due to their high sucrose mineral contents. The objective this study was determine probiotic growth pattern evaluate physicochemical parameters, including pH changes, lactic acid content, reducing total soluble solids....

Cdc25A is a dual specificity protein phosphatase that activates cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes by removing inhibitory phosphates from conserved threonine and tyrosine in Cdks. To address how promotes apoptosis, Jurkat cells were treated with staurosporine, an apoptosis inducer. Upon staurosporine treatment, C-terminal 37-kDa fragment, designated C37, was generated caspase cleavage at Asp-223. Thr-507 C37 became dephosphorylated, which prevented 14-3-3 binding, as shown...

The chemical composition of the wax layer and green epidermis at surface giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro) culms were conveniently analyzed through diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) with Si-Carb sampling technique.Results from radial lignin content profiling showed that in middle was lower than layers either inner or outer culms.As for longitudinal depth profiling, contents increased gradually top toward base portion.The distribution growth strains direction...

The properties and tissue compositions of reaction wood in the leaning trunks or branches trees have been extensively investigated, but studies on influence related secondary phloem are few incomplete, this work, formation vascular cork cambium upper lower sides Zelkova serrata Makino were studied. Vascular is formed first second internode shoot. In third internode, began to initiate subepidermally, meanwhile two four layers grouped gelatinous fibers found cortex outside all primary phloem....

Abstract Plants adjust their flowering time by integrating environmental cues through complex regulatory networks. RNA splicing plays a crucial role in modulating gene expression response to signals. The MOS4-associated (MAC), consisting of the evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligases MAC3A and MAC3B, is pivotal regulation. However, involvement floral transition remained unclear. This study observed that mac3a/mac3b mutants flowered significantly earlier under short-day (SD) conditions,...

Objective/Background Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., a plant of the Cupressaceae family, is known for its leaves and cones rich in essential oils, which are traditionally used folk medicine. This study employed hydrodistillation to extract oils from three parts T. distichum, namely leaves, twigs, cones, evaluated yield composition these as well their anti-mildew property on paper. Methods The chemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID)...

Abstract Climate change is causing a rapid increase in global average temperatures and more frequent heatwaves, posing serious threats to agricultural production biodiversity. In response heat stress (HS), plants can develop acquired thermotolerance (AT) by initiating shock (HSR) after mild HS priming, thereby enhancing their ability withstand subsequent later lethal events. Central this process are the HEAT SHOCK FACTORs (HSFs), which form trimeric complexes activate expression of PROTEIN s...

Abstract The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main cellular route for protein degradation in plants and important a wide range of biological processes including daily seasonal timing. UPS relies on action E3 ligases to specifically recognize substrate proteins facilitate their ubiquitylation. In plants, there are three major challenges that inhibit studies ligase function: 1) rampant genetic redundancy, 2) labile interactions between an its cognate substrates, 3) lack tools rapid...

Seedlings of Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) were laid horizontally for 4 and 10 mo to induce reaction wood. Gelatinous fibers occurred on the upper side trunks treated seedlings, longer treatment, higher extent gelatinous fibers. More-abundant axial parenchymatous cells starch grains observed in opposite wood than Such anatomical characteristics suggest that there are distinct patterns regulation between cambium zones Starch storage may play a role active or passive processes...