Background— Rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We compared the incidence rates myocardial infarction and stroke in subjects without rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Results— A prospective cohort study was conducted among 114 342 women participating Nurses’ Health Study who were free disease at baseline 1976. All self-reported cases confirmed by medical record review. Fatal nonfatal infarctions strokes similarly confirmed. Multivariate pooled...

A high dietary calcium intake is strongly suspected of increasing the risk kidney stones. However, a can reduce urinary excretion oxalate, which thought to lower risk. The concept that higher increases stones therefore requires examination.We conducted prospective study relation between and symptomatic in cohort 45,619 men, 40 75 years age, who had no history Dietary was measured by means semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire 1986. During four follow-up, 505 cases were...

Few studies have simultaneously investigated the role of soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors types 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 as predictors cardiovascular events. The value these inflammatory markers independent remains controversial.We examined plasma levels sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, interleukin-6, protein risk for coronary heart disease among women participating in Nurses' Health Study men Professionals Follow-up nested case-control analyses....

Various purine-rich foods and high protein intake have long been thought to be risk factors for gout. Similarly, the possibility that consumption of dairy products has a role in protecting against gout raised by metabolic studies. We prospectively investigated association these dietary with new cases

Background Low birth weight has been associated with several chronic diseases in adults, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Further study of these a large cohort information on wide variety risk factors is essential to determine more precisely the risks weight. Methods Results We examined relation between cumulative incidence adult non–insulin-dependent prevalence obesity 22 846 US men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study). Birth weights, medical histories, family other...

We quantified the burden of urolithiasis in United States by identifying trends use health care resources and estimating economic impact disease.The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously.The rate national inpatient hospitalizations for a diagnosis decreased 15% hospital length stay from 2.6 2.2 days between 1994 2000. Rates hospitalization were 2.5 3-fold higher Medicare beneficiaries with little change 1992 1998. Almost 2 million outpatient visits...

Hydroxylation of 25(OH)D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and signaling through the vitamin receptor occur in various tissues not traditionally involved calcium homeostasis. Laboratory studies indicate that suppresses renin expression vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; clinical demonstrate an inverse association between ultraviolet radiation, a surrogate marker for synthesis, blood pressure. We prospectively studied independent measured plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D] levels risk...

The purpose of this guideline is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis, prevention and follow-up adult patients with kidney stones based on best available published literature.The primary source evidence was systematic review conducted by Agency Healthcare Research Quality recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults. To augment broaden body AHRQ report, AUA supplementary searches articles from 2007 through 2012 that were systematically reviewed using methodology developed priori. In...

Higher levels of serum phosphate are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, especially in the setting overt hyperphosphatemia. Given biological importance phosphorus, it is plausible that higher within normal range may also be outcomes.We performed a post hoc analysis data from Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) study. Baseline were measured 4127 fasting participants who randomized to receive pravastatin 40 mg daily or placebo and followed up for median 59.7 months. We used...

Background Low birth weight has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and high adult body mass index. Published studies on adults have included only a small number women. Methods Results We studied 71 100 women in the Nurses' Health Study I (NHS I) who were 30 to 55 years age 1976 92 940 II II) 25 42 1989. Information weight, blood pressure, physician-diagnosed other relevant variables was collected by biennial mailed questionnaire. Ninety-five percent white. Compared...

Although gout and hyperuricemia are related to several conditions that associated with reduced survival, no prospective data available on the independent impact of mortality. Furthermore, although many studies have suggested is cardiovascular disease (CVD), limited CVD.Over a 12-year period, we prospectively examined relation between history risk death myocardial infarction in 51,297 male participants Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. During 12 years follow-up, documented 5825 deaths...

<h3>Background</h3> Limited prospective information exists on the relation between obesity and weight change risk of gout. Similarly, both hypertension diuretic use have been considered factors for gout; however, their independent contributions not established prospectively. <h3>Methods</h3> We prospectively examined over a 12-year period (1986-1998) adiposity, change, hypertension, incident gout in 47 150 male participants with no history at baseline. used supplementary questionnaire to...

Despite improvements in intensive care and dialysis, some experts have concluded that outcomes associated with acute renal failure (ARF) not improved significantly over time. ARF was studied hospitalized patients between 1988 2002 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative sample of discharges from acute-care, nonfederal hospitals. During 15-yr period, 5,563,381 598,768 required dialysis (ARF-D) were identified. Between 2002, incidence rose 61 to 288 per 100,000...

Various commonly consumed foods have long been suspected of affecting the serum uric acid level, but few data are available to support or refute this impression. Our objective was evaluate relationship between dietary factors and levels in a nationally representative sample men women US.Using from 14,809 participants (6,932 7,877 women) ages 20 years older Third National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (for 1988-1994), we examined intake purine-rich foods, protein, dairy products acid....

<b>Objective</b> To examine the relation between intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks and fructose risk incident gout in men. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort over 12 years. <b>Setting</b> Health professionals follow-up study. <b>Participants</b> 46 393 men with no history at baseline who provided information on through validated food frequency questionnaires. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Incident cases meeting American College Rheumatology survey criteria for gout. <b>Results</b> During...

Temporal increases in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages have paralleled rise obesity prevalence, but whether intake such interacts with genetic predisposition to adiposity is unknown.We analyzed interaction between and relation body-mass index (BMI; weight kilograms divided by square height meters) risk 6934 women from Nurses' Health Study (NHS) 4423 men Professionals Follow-up (HPFS) also a replication cohort 21,740 Women's Genome (WGHS). The genetic-predisposition score was...

<h3>Context</h3>Hearing loss is common and, in young persons, can compromise social development, communication skills, and educational achievement.<h3>Objective</h3>To examine the current prevalence of hearing US adolescents determine whether it has changed over time.<h3>Design</h3>Cross-sectional analyses representative demographic audiometric data from 1988 through 1994 2005 2006 time periods.<h3>Setting</h3>The Third National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994,...