Drosophila melanogaster can make appropriate choices among alternative flight options on the basis of relative salience competing visual cues. We show that this choice behavior consists early and late phases; former requires activation dopaminergic system mushroom bodies, whereas latter is independent these activities. Immunohistological analysis showed bodies are densely innervated by axons. Thus, circuit from dopamine to crucial for in Drosophila.

We studied the underlying neural mechanism of a simple choice behavior between competing alternatives in Drosophila . In flight simulator, individual flies were conditioned to choose one two paths response color and shape cues; after training, they tested with contradictory cues. Wild-type made discrete that switched from alternative other as relative salience cues gradually changed, but this ability was greatly diminished mutant ( mbm 1 ) miniature mushroom bodies or hydroxyurea ablation...

Orientation preferences for visual patterns can be conditioned in tethered flies (Drosophila melanogaster) at the flight simulator. In a reversal conditioning procedure using heat as reinforcement, trained to successively prefer different orientations with respect patterns. As many learning paradigms, responses are highly variable. Although during training most reliably avoid and corresponding orientations, subsequent tests without some show no consistent preference permissive orientations....

Different modalities of sensation interact in a synergistic or antagonistic manner during sensory perception, but whether there is also interaction memory acquisition largely unknown. In Drosophila reinforcement learning, we found that conditioning with concurrent visual and olfactory cues reduced the threshold for unimodal retrieval. Furthermore, bimodal preconditioning followed by either cue led to crossmodal transfer. Crossmodal may contribute significantly learning natural environment.

Gap junctions are widely distributed in the brains across species and play essential roles neural information processing. However, role of gap insect cognition remains poorly understood. Using a flight simulator paradigm genetic tools, we found that present Drosophila Kenyon cells (KCs), major neurons mushroom bodies (MBs), showed they an important visual learning memory. dye coupling approach, determined distribution KCs. Furthermore, identified single pair MB output (MBONs) possess...

Significance Suppression of inhibitory interneurons, termed disinhibition, has been suggested as a conserved circuit mechanism crucial for associative learning. In Drosophila , pair GABAergic neurons negatively regulates aversive olfactory Here we show that these receive suppressive signals directly from group DA through the dopamine receptor DD2R. During odor-electric shock (ES) conditioning, ES-induced dopaminergic (DA) signal restrains inhibition, thereby allowing efficient Moreover, this...

Nociception, warning of injury that should be avoided, serves an important protective function in animals. In this study, we show adult Drosophila avoids noxious heat by a jump response. To quantitatively analyze nociceptive behavior, developed two assays. the CO2 laser beam assay, flies exhibit behavior when heats their abdomens. The consistency latency assay meets criterion for good assay. hot plate quickly to escape from copper (>45 degrees C). Our results demonstrate that, as mammals,...

Sleep is crucial to memory consolidation in humans and other animals; however, the effect of insufficient sleep on subsequent learning remains largely elusive.Learning after 1-day deprivation (slpD) was evaluated using Pavlovian olfactory conditioning Drosophila, locomotor activity measured Drosophila Activity Monitoring System a 12:12 light-dark cycle.We found that slpD specifically impaired 1-h wild type Canton-S flies, this could persist for at least 2 h. However, alternative stresses...

The analysis of complex flight patterns and collective behaviors in swarming insects has emerged as a significant focus across biological computational fields. Tracking these insects, like fruit fly, presents persistent challenges due to their rapid motion frequent occlusions densely populated environments. To address challenges, we propose tracking method using particle filter framework combined with Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN)-Transformer model extract the global features fine-grained...

Although the response properties of most neurons are, to a large extent, determined by presynaptic inputs that they receive, comprehensive functional characterization single neuron remains elusive. Toward this goal, we introduce dual-color calcium imaging approach simultaneously monitors responses postsynaptic together with its axon terminal in vivo. As model system, applied strategy feed-forward connections from projection (PNs) Kenyon cells (KCs) mushroom body Drosophila and functionally...

Reversal learning has been widely used to probe the implementation of cognitive flexibility in brain. Previous studies monkeys identified an essential role orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) reversal learning. However, underlying circuits and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we use T-maze investigate neural mechanism olfactory Drosophila . By adding a training cycle classical protocol, show that wild-type flies able reverse their choice according alteration conditioned stimulus...

Identifying the neurochemistry and neural circuitry of sleep regulation is critical for understanding various disorders. Fruit flies display sleep-like behavior, sharing essential features with vertebrate. In fruit fly's central brain, mushroom body (MB) has been highlighted as a center; however, its neurochemical nature remains unclear, whether it promotes or wake still topic controversy.We used video recording system to accurately monitor locomotor activity status. Gene expression was...

Abstract Mushroom bodies (MBs), one of the central brain structures in Drosophila melanogaster , are involved several cognitive behaviors, such as olfactory learning and memory, visual context generalization, choice behavior facing conflicting cues. Attention is a behavior, it facilitates focus on attended event while filtering out irrelevant events, thereby allowing more rapid accurate reactions at lower threshold primates. Using orientation paradigm flight simulator, we observed that MBs...

Inflexible cognition and behavior are prominent features of prefrontal cortex damage several neuropsychiatric disorders. The ability to flexibly adapt cognitive processing dynamically changing environmental contingencies has been studied using the reversal learning paradigm in mammals, but complexity brain circuits precludes a detailed analysis underlying neural mechanism. Here we study circuitry mechanism supporting flexible genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster ....

Study Objectives:Sleep is a fundamental physiological process and its biological mechanisms are poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, heterotrimeric Go protein abundantly expressed in the brain. However, post-developmental function has not been extensively explored.

In Drosophila , aversive olfactory memory is believed to be stored in a prominent brain structure, the mushroom body (MB), and two pairs of MB intrinsic neurons, dorsal paired medial (DPM) anterior lateral (APL) are found regulate consolidation middle-term (MTM). Here we report that another ellipsoid (EB), also involved modulation MTM. Activating EB R2/R4m neurons does not affect learning index, but specifically eliminates anesthesia-sensitive (ASM), labile component We further demonstrate...

In Drosophila , pheromones play a crucial role in regulating courtship behaviors. males, female aphrodisiac promote male‐female courtship, and male antiaphrodisiac inhibit male‐male courtship. Previous studies have reported that receptor proteins belonging to the pickpocket (ppk) family, ionotropic family gustatory are required for pheromone detection normal However, none of them has been shown be sufficient sensing after ectopic expression originally unresponsive cells. “M” cells activated...

Odors elicit a number of behavioral responses, including attraction and repulsion in Drosophila. In this study, the authors used T-maze apparatus to show that wild-type Drosophila melanogaster exhibit robust circadian rhythm olfactory attractive repulsive responses. These responses were lower during day began rise at early night, peaking about middle night then declining thereafter. They also independent locomotor activity. The response rhythms lost period or timeless mutant flies ( per 0 ,...

Dopamine is an important neuromodulator in animals and its roles mammalian sexual behavior are extensively studied. Drosophila as a useful model system widely used many fields of biological studies. It has been reported that dopamine reduction can affect female receptivity leave male-female courtship unaffected. Here, we genetic pharmacological approaches to decrease the level dopaminergic cells Drosophila, investigated consequence this manipulation on male homosexual behavior. We find...

Abstract Astrocyte‐like glial cells are abundant in the central nervous system of adult D rosophila and exhibit morphology similar to astrocytes mammals. Previous evidence has shown that astrocyte‐like strongly associated with synapses antennal lobe ( AL ), first relay olfactory system, where receptor neurons ORN s) transmit information into projection PN s). However, function glia remains obscure. In this study, using vivo calcium imaging, we found exhibited spontaneous microdomain...