Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in both animals and plants, which has been shown to be involved various essential developmental processes plants. Nicotiana tabacum considered ideal model plant widely used for the study of roles autophagy development response stresses. However, only a few autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have identified tobacco up now. Here, we 30 ATGs belonging 16 different groups through genome-wide survey. Comprehensive expression profile analysis reveals...

Crop breeding schemes can be significantly accelerated by using (doubled) haploid plants. In vivo induction has been applied in plant for decades but is still not available all crops and genotypes, haploidization rates are generally very low. Therefore, methodological improvements to new concepts required. Here, we report a novel system the of plants mutating genes encoding egg cell-specific aspartic endopeptidases (ECSs). We show that after successful sperm–egg cell fusion, ECSs play...

During plant embryogenesis, once the suspensor organ of embryo has fulfilled its role, it is removed by programmed cell death (PCD). The pro-death cathepsin protease NtCP14 initiates this PCD, but inhibited cystatin NtCYS until function fulfilled.

Summary Polycomb group ( P c G ) proteins are gene repressors that help to maintain cellular identity during development via chromatin remodeling. Fertilization‐independent endosperm FIE ), a member of the complex, operates extensively in plant development, but its role rice has not been fully investigated date. We report isolation and characterization rice, which was designated O s 2 for ryza sativa F ertilization‐ I ndependent E ndosperm 2. is single‐copy genome shows universal expression...

Phytosulfokine ( PSK ) is a peptide growth factor that requires tyrosine sulfation carried out by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase TPST for its activity. processed from precursor proteins encoded five genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and perceived receptor kinases two Arabidopsis. pskr1‐3 pskr2‐1 tpst‐1 knockout mutants displayed reduced seed production, indicative of requirement signaling sexual plant reproduction. Expression analysis revealed gene activity reproductive organs with strong...

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes opposite sex. Although sperm-expressed fusogen HAPLESS 2 (HAP2) or GENERATIVE CELL SPECIFIC 1 (GCS1) plays a vital role in this process many eukaryotic organisms and an understanding its regulation is emerging unicellular systems [J. Zhang et al. , Nat. Commun. 12, 4380 (2021); J. F. Pinello Dev. Cell 56, 3380–3392.e9 (2021)], neither HAP2/GCS1 interactors nor mechanisms for delivery activation at site are known multicellular plants....

A functional female gametophyte is the basis of successful sexual reproduction in flowering plants. During development, megaspore mother cell (MMC), which differentiates from a single subepidermal somatic nucellus, undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores; only one at chalazal end, referred as (FM), then three rounds mitosis and develops into mature embryo sac. Here, we report that RING1A RING1B (RING1A/B), two functionally redundant Polycomb proteins Arabidopsis, are critical for...

We applied suppression subtractive hybridization and mirror orientation selection to compare gene expression profiles of isolated Nicotiana tabacum cv SR1 zygotes egg cells. Our results revealed that many differentially expressed genes in were transcribed de novo after fertilization. Some these are critical zygote polarity pattern formation during early embryogenesis. This suggests the transcriptome is restructed maternal-to-zygotic transition happens before first zygotic division, which...

Summary The maternal‐to‐zygotic transition (MZT) is characterized by the turnover of zygote development from maternal to zygotic control, and has been extensively studied in animals. A majority studies have suggested that early embryogenesis maternally controlled genome remains transcriptionally inactive prior MZT. However, little known about MZT higher plants, its timing impact remain uncharacterized. Here, we constructed cDNA libraries tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) egg cells, zygotes...

Abstract Ribosomal proteins are involved in numerous essential cell activities plants. However, the regulatory role specific plant developmental processes has not yet been fully elucidated. Here we identified new ribosomal protein L18aB, which is specifically sexual reproduction and plays a critical male gametophyte development embryo pattern formation. In rpl18aB mutant plants, mature pollen grains can germinate normally, but their competitiveness for growing style significantly reduced....

Most pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are involved in organelle post-transcriptional processes, including RNA editing. The PPR include the PLS subfamily, containing characteristic triplets of P, L, and S motifs; however, their editing mechanisms roles developmental processes not fully understood. In this study, we isolated Arabidopsis thaliana Growing slowly 1 ( AtGRS1 ) gene showed that it functions plant development. null mutants grs1 exhibit slow growth sterility. Further analysis...

Cystatins are tightly bound and reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases in C1A C13 peptidase families, which have been identified several species shown to function vegetative development response biotic/abiotic stresses plants. Recent work revealed their critical role regulating programmed cell death during embryogenesis tobacco suggested more comprehensive roles the process sexual plant reproduction, although little is known about cystatin family genes processes. Here, 10 Nicotiana...

Significance In a mature female gametophyte of angiosperm, one egg cell and two synergid cells, referred to as the “egg apparatus,” originate from same functional megaspore. How cells differentiate into distinct types has drawn much attention but remains unclear. this work, live imaging system was established visualize nuclear movement specialization in gametophytes. The final localization nuclei before cellularization found be critical for determining fates apparatus. Artificial changes...

Summary Rice fertility is critical for rice reproduction and thus a focus of interest. Most studies have addressed male sterility its relation to production. The mechanisms regulation embryogenesis endosperm development are essential reproduction, but remain largely unknown. Here, we report functional analysis the gene Os GCD 1 , which encodes highly conserved homolog Arabidopsis ( GAMETE CELLS DEFECTIVE 1). mutants were generated using CRISPR /Cas9 system subjected analysis. homozygote...

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (A-ODN) inhibition works well in animal cells. However, there have been few successful examples to date of its application plants, and more specifically whether the technique can be used pollen tubes as a model plant cell growth. NtGNL1 plays an important role tube development was thus selected indicator assess biological effects A-ODN. An A-ODN down-regulate expression tobacco showed that A-ODNs could quickly enter through thick wall membrane effectively block...

Significance Flowering plants have evolved a unique double-fertilization process along with an actin filament (F-actin)-based gamete nuclear migration mechanism. However, how dynamic F-actin movement is controlled in the female gametophytic cells remains unclear. We identified that of promoted via ARP2/3-independent WAVE/SCAR-signaling pathway. also discovered plant class XI myosin XI-G has function involved active required for sperm migration, which different from canonical as cargo...

Seed development is one of the extensively investigated fields plant developmental biology due to its great agricultural and economic value. <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> as a model has been widely employed in seed research over past 30 years these studies provide vast information involving various aspects development, which have greatly enhanced our understanding critical processes development. As it very difficult summarize all advances this field, present review we focussed on key...

The specific functions of the genes encoding arginine biosynthesis enzymes in plants are not well characterized. We report isolation and characterization Arabidopsis thaliana N-acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK), which catalyzes second step biosynthesis. NAGK is a plastid-localized protein expressed during most developmental processes Arabidopsis. Heterologous expression gene NAGK-deficient Escherichia coli strain fully restores bacterial growth on arginine-deficient medium. nagk mutant pollen...