Pathogenicity of many Gram-negative bacteria relies on the injection effector proteins by type III secretion into eukaryotic cells, where they modulate host signaling pathways to pathogen's benefit. One such protein injected Xanthomonas plants is AvrBs3, which localizes plant cell nucleus and causes hypertrophy mesophyll cells. We show that AvrBs3 induces expression a master regulator size, upa20, encodes transcription factor containing basic helix-loop-helix domain. binds conserved element...

In nature, tiny amounts of inorganic impurities, such as metals, are incorporated in the protein structures some biomaterials and lead to unusual mechanical properties those materials. A desire produce these biomimicking new materials has stimulated scientists, diverse approaches have been attempted. contrast, research improve themselves by direct metal incorporation into inner rarely tried because difficulty developing a method that can infiltrate metals biomaterials, resulting...

N-Terminally truncated and pyroglutamate (pGlu) modified amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are major constituents of deposits in sporadic inherited Alzheimer's disease (AD). Formation pGlu at the N-terminus confers resistance against cleavage by most aminopeptidases, increases toxicity peptides, may seed Abeta aggregate formation. Similarly, deposited ABri ADan, which cause a very similar histopathology familial British dementia (FBD) Danish (FDD), N-terminally blocked pGlu. Triggered...

Organisms have evolved a bewildering diversity of mechanisms to generate the two sexes. The honeybee (Apis mellifera) employs an interesting system in which sex is determined by heterozygosity at single locus (the Sex Determination Locus) harbouring complementary determiner (csd) gene. Bees heterozygous Locus are females, whereas bees homozygous or hemizygous males. Little known, however, about regulation that links determination sexual differentiation. To investigate control development...

Abstract The plant life cycle includes diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic generations. Female gametophytes (embryo sacs) in higher plants are embedded specialized structures (ovules). Here, we report that two closely related mitogen-activated protein kinases Arabidopsis thaliana, MPK3 MPK6, share a novel function ovule development: the MPK6 mutant background, is haplo-insufficient, giving female sterility when heterozygous. By contrast, does not show haplo-insufficiency. Using...

Because of their beneficial impact on plants, the highly diverse mycorrhizal fungi grouped in order Sebacinales lay claim to high ecological and agricultural significance. Here, we describe for first time associations Sebacinoid members with bacteria. Using quantitative PCR, denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis fluorescence situ hybridization, detected an intimate association between Piriformospora indica Rhizobium radiobacter, alpha-Proteobacterium. The stability association, vertical...

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is a water soluble semisynthetic polysaccharide that used as plasma volume expander and cryoprotectant. In order to produce fully biodegradable amphiphilic polymer, HES was esterified with lauric, palmitic, stearic acids under mild reaction conditions using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). The molar substitution of the acyl chains (MSfatty acid) determined 1H NMR spectroscopy, while conformational state hydrocarbon in graft copolymer...

Calcium (Ca2+) signaling and dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton are essential processes for coordination control plant cell shape growth. Calmodulin (CaM) closely related calmodulin-like (CML) polypeptides principal sensors Ca2+ signals. CaM/CMLs decode relay information encrypted by second messenger via differential interactions with a wide spectrum targets to modulate their diverse biochemical activities. The plant-specific IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) family emerged as possibly largest class...

Type VI glandular trichomes represent the most abundant trichome type on leaves and stems of tomato plants significantly contribute to herbivore resistance, particularly in wild species. Despite this, their development has been poorly studied so far. The goal this study is fill gap. Using a variety cell imaging techniques, detailed record anatomy developmental stages cultivated (Solanum lycopersicum) related species (S. habrochaites) provided. In both species, these structures follows highly...

The atypical myrosinase PENETRATION2 (PEN2) is required for broad-spectrum invasion resistance to filamentous plant pathogens. Previous localization studies suggested PEN2-GFP association with peroxisomes. Here, we show that PEN2 a tail-anchored protein dual-membrane targeting peroxisomes and mitochondria has the capacity form homo-oligomer complexes. We demonstrate pathogen-induced recruitment immobilization of mitochondrial subpopulations at sites attempted fungal arrest accompanied by...

ABSTRACT Many plant-pathogenic bacteria utilize type II secretion (T2S) systems to secrete degradative enzymes into the extracellular milieu. T2S substrates presumably mediate degradation of plant cell wall components during host-pathogen interaction and thus promote bacterial virulence. Previously, Xps-T2S system from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was shown contribute protease activity a virulence-associated xylanase. The identities functions additional X. vesicatoria, however, are...

An important application field of secondary ion mass spectrometry at the nanometer scale (NanoSIMS) is detection chemical elements and, in particular, metals subcellular level biological samples. The many trace requires an oxygen primary source to allow generation positive ions with high yield NanoSIMS. duoplasmatron commonly used this microprobe but cannot achieve same quality images as cesium produce negative (C–, CN–, S–, P–) due a larger beam size. In paper, new type using rf plasma...

The function of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) in development tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) flowers was analyzed with a mutant defective JA perception (jasmonate-insensitive1-1, jai1-1). In contrast Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) JA-insensitive plants, which are male sterile, jai1-1 is female major defects development. To identify putative JA-dependent regulatory components, we performed transcriptomics on ovules from at three developmental stages wild type and mutants. One...

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted interest due to their ability provide diagnostic information from liquid biopsies. Cells constantly release divers in size, content and features depending on the biogenesis, origin function. This heterogeneity adds a layer of complexity when attempting isolate characterize EVs resulting various protocols. Their high abundance all bodily fluids stable source dependent biomarkers make powerful tool biomarker discovery diagnostics. However,...

Summary Many plant pathogenic bacteria utilize a conserved type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver effector proteins into the host tissue. Indirect evidence has suggested that at least some are translocated from bacterial cytoplasm cell. Using an immunocytochemical approach, we demonstrate AvrBs3 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria localizes nuclei of infected pepper leaves. Importantly, translocation was observed in situ native tissues susceptible and resistant plants. detected...

The allene oxide cyclase (AOC) is a plastid-located enzyme in the biosynthesis of signaling compound jasmonic acid (JA). In tomato, AOC occurs specifically ovules and vascular bundles [Hause et al. (2000)PlantJ. 24; 113]. Immunocytological analysis longitudinal sections petioles flower stalks revealed occurrence companion cells (CC) sieve elements (SE). Electron microscopic led to conclusion that AOC-containing structures SE are plastids. was not detected 35S::AOCantisense plants. enzymes...

Earlier attempts to express peptides longer than 20 aa on the surface of tobamoviruses such as tobacco mosaic virus have failed. Surprisingly, we found that a functional fragment protein A (133 aa) can be displayed tobamovirus C-terminal fusion coat via 15-aa linker. The macromolecular nature these nanoparticles allowed design simple protocol for purification mAbs with recovery yield 50% and > 90% product purity. extremely dense packing (> 2,100 copies per viral particle) results in an...

Abstract It is well established that polarized exocytosis essential for fungal virulence. By contrast, the contribution of endocytosis unknown. We made use a temperature-sensitive mutant in endosomal target soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor Yup1 and demonstrate Ustilago maydis initial steps pathogenic development, including pheromone perception cell–cell fusion. Furthermore, spore formation germination were drastically reduced, whereas colonization plant...

The proper spatial and temporal expression localization of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is essential for developmental cellular signalling in all eukaryotes. Here, we analysed expression, subcellular function MPK6 roots Arabidopsis thaliana using wild-type plants three mpk6 knock-out mutant lines. promoter showed two maxima the most apical part root meristem transition zone. This pattern was highly consistent with 'no root' 'short phenotypes, as well ectopic cell divisions...