Chitin acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern from fungal pathogens whose perception triggers range of defense responses. We show that LYSIN MOTIF DOMAIN-CONTAINING GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-ANCHORED PROTEIN 2 (LYM2), the Arabidopsis homolog rice chitin receptor-like protein, mediates reduction in flux via plasmodesmata presence chitin. For this response, lym2-1 mutants are insensitive to chitin, but not flagellin derivative flg22. Surprisingly, chitin-recognition receptor CHITIN...

The activity of surface receptors is location specific, dependent upon the dynamic membrane trafficking network and receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). Therefore, spatio-temporal dynamics RME are critical to receptor function. plasma FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) confers immunity against bacterial infection through perception flagellin (flg22). Following elicitation, FLS2 internalized into vesicles. To resolve trafficking, we exploited quantitative confocal imaging for colocalization studies...

Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one which the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, extent to these spatiotemporal dynamics generally present among (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other kinases associated with plant...

The lipophilic biopolyester suberin forms important boundaries to protect the plant from its surrounding environment or separate different tissues within plant. In roots, can be found in cell walls of endodermis and hypodermis periderm. Apoplastic barriers composed accomplish challenge restrict water nutrient loss prevent invasion pathogens. Despite physiological importance knowledge composition many plants, very little is known about biosynthesis genes involved. Here, a detailed analysis...

Abstract A double homozygous recessive mutant in the Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of nucleus- and phragmoplast-localized kinase 2 (ANP2) 3 (ANP3) genes a mitogen-activated protein 4 (MPK4) gene exhibit deficiencies overall microtubule (MT) organization, which result abnormal cell growth patterns, such as branching root hairs swelling diffusely growing epidermal cells. Genetic, pharmacological, molecular, cytological, biochemical analyses show that major underlying mechanism for these...

The plant immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is present at the plasma membrane and internalized following activation of its ligand flagellin (flg22). We show that ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT (ESCRT)-I subunits play roles in FLS2 endocytosis Arabidopsis. VPS37-1 co-localizes with endosomes immunoprecipitates upon flg22 elicitation. Vps37-1 mutants are reduced flg22-induced but not labeled by Rab5 GTPases suggesting a defect trafficking rather than formation...

Pathogens can colonize all plant organs and tissues. To prevent this, each cell must be capable of autonomously triggering defence. Therefore, it is generally assumed that primary sensors the immune system are constitutively present. One major sensor against bacterial infection flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) pattern recognition receptor (PRR). gain insights into its expression pattern, FLS2 promoter activity in β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines was monitored. The data show pFLS2::GUS highest...

Removal of cargos from the cell surface via endocytosis is an efficient mechanism to regulate activities plasma membrane (PM)-resident proteins, such as receptors or transporters. Salicylic acid (SA) important plant hormone that traditionally associated with pathogen defense. Here, we describe unanticipated effect SA on subcellular endocytic cycling proteins. Both exogenous treatments and endogenously enhanced levels repressed different PM The did not involve transcription known components...

The proper spatial and temporal expression localization of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is essential for developmental cellular signalling in all eukaryotes. Here, we analysed expression, subcellular function MPK6 roots Arabidopsis thaliana using wild-type plants three mpk6 knock-out mutant lines. promoter showed two maxima the most apical part root meristem transition zone. This pattern was highly consistent with 'no root' 'short phenotypes, as well ectopic cell divisions...

See also the Commentary by Bogre

Plasmodesmata (PD) form tubular connections that function as intercellular communication channels. They are essential for transporting nutrients and coordinating development. During cytokinesis, simple PDs inserted into the developing cell plate, while during wall extension, more complex (branched) forms of PD laid down. We show derived from existing in a pattern is accelerated when leaves undergo sink-source transition. Complex initially at three-way junctions between epidermal cells but...

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone family, represents possible new target in glioma therapy. Because PPARγ plays crucial role regulation insulin sensitivity, synthetic agonists are already clinical use for type II diabetes treatment. Beyond these metabolic effects, exhibit antineoplastic effects. In this study, we investigated effects agonist pioglitazone cells. Pioglitazone reduced cellular viability rat, human, and PPARγ-overexpressing...

Previous studies have shown that plant mitochondrial movements are myosin-based along actin filaments, which undergo continuous turnover by the exchange of subunits from existing filaments. Although earlier revealed filament dynamics essential for many functions cytoskeleton, there little data connecting and movements.We addressed role in control treating cells with various pharmaceuticals affect assembly disassembly. Confocal microscopy Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs expressing GFP-FABD2...

Abstract Structural sterols are abundant in the plasma membrane of root apex cells Arabidopsis thaliana. They specifically accumulate trichoblasts during prebulging and bulge stages show a polar accumulation tip hair elongation but distributed evenly mature hairs. Thus, structural may serve as marker for initiation growth. In addition, they predict branching events mutants with were detected using sterol complexing fluorochrome filipin. Application filipin caused rapid,...

The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes involves the initiation synchronized programs root epidermis and cortex to allow rhizobial infection nodule development. In this study, we provide evidence that symplastic communication, regulated by callose turnover at plasmodesmata (PD), is important for coordinating development Medicago truncatula. Here, show rhizobia promote a reduction levels inner tissues where initiate. This downregulation coincides with localized expression M....

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE So far, there is only limited information about the regulation of endogenous synthesis hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), an important gaseous signalling molecule. This study was done to evaluate redox‐dependent events that regulate expression H S synthesising enzyme cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CSE) in rat mesangial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB and antioxidants on CSE activity cultured renal cells were assessed. Activity nuclear...

The Arabidopsis thaliana leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) is required for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in innate immunity. Recently, FLS2 was proposed to act as a multispecific recognizing unrelated exogenous and endogenous peptide ligands, including CLAVATA3 (CLV3), key regulator shoot meristem stem cell production. Here, we report experimental evidence demonstrating that does not recognize CLV3 apical immune bacteria independently perception.

The biggest challenge for global agriculture today is to combat pathogens, especially fungi, with fewer and active molecules available. In fact, fungi are responsible 10%–20% of crop losses, equivalent a loss up $200 billion per year (www.ars.usda.gov). Moreover, the use current fungicides (mainly chemicals) often associated health environmental issues (Fungicide_Uses_and_Risks). Finally, becoming increasingly resistant currently used (Fungicide_Resistance_Management). this context,...