The cerebellum participates in motor coordination as well numerous cerebral processes, including temporal discrimination. Animals can predict daily timing of food availability, manifested by food-anticipatory activity under restricted feeding. By studying ex vivo clock gene expression situ hybridization and recording vitro Per1-luciferase bioluminescence, we report that the contains a circadian oscillator sensitive to feeding cues (i.e., whose oscillations are shifted response feeding)....

Rhythmic physiology is central to retinal function and survival adapts vision daily light intensity changes. Mammalian retina rhythmically releases melatonin when cultured under constant conditions, the occurrence of clock gene [e.g., Period(Per)] expression has been shown for most cellular layers. However, contribution distinct layers genesis circadian rhythms within still debated. To characterize their endogenous oscillatory capacity communication at whole-tissue level, we used a...

The retinal network relies on glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter involved in visual cycle. Glutamate transactions are carried out by an array of distinct receptors and transporters distributed across both pre- post-synaptic neurons Müller radial glial cells. broadly divided into two types: ionotropic metabotropic that differ their molecular architecture signaling properties. Within retina, glia cells span its entire layers possess specialized features enable them to regulate...

<title>Abstract</title> The apicomplexan parasite <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> establishes chronic infection in the central nervous system, including retina, causing ocular toxoplasmosis (OT). This persistence relies on a fine balance between inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms, especially immune-privileged environment. We previously described immunologic interactions retinal cells, particularly roles of type I III interferons. In this study, we investigated regulatory...

We previously described the identification of quail MafA, a novel transcription factor Maf bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) family, expressed in differentiating neuroretina (NR). In present study, we provide first evidence that MafA is phosphorylated and its biological properties strongly rely upon phosphorylation serines 14 65, two residues located transcriptional activating domain within consensus for by mitogen-activated protein kinases which are conserved among proteins. These ERK2 but...

In the endocrine pancreas, α-cell-specific expression of glucagon gene is mediated by DNA-binding proteins that interact with G1 proximal promoter element. Among these proteins, paired domain transcription factor Pax-6 has been shown to bind and transactivate expression. Close Pax-6-binding site, we observed presence a binding site for basic leucine zipper Maf family. present study, demonstrate family members in pancreas transient transfection experiments, found transactivating effect on was...

Mammalian retina harbours a self-sustained circadian clock able to synchronize the light : dark (LD) cycle and drive cyclic outputs such as night-time melatonin synthesis. Clock genes are expressed in distinct parts of tissue, it is presently assumed that contains several oscillators. However, molecular organization cell type-specific clockworks has been poorly investigated. Here, we questioned presence rat photoreceptors by studying 24-h kinetics output gene expression whole photoreceptor...

While rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing ganglion cells (ipRGCs) all drive light entrainment of the master circadian pacemaker suprachiasmatic nucleus, recent studies have proposed that mouse retinal clock is exclusively mediated by a UV-sensitive photopigment, neuropsin (OPN5). Here, we report can be phase shifted short duration relatively low-irradiance monochromatic in visible part spectrum, up to 520 nm. Phase shifts exhibit classical photon dose-response...

Abstract Many aspects of retinal physiology are modulated by circadian clocks, but it is unclear whether clock malfunction impinges directly on photoreceptor survival, differentiation or function. Eyes from wild‐type (WT) and Period1 ( Per1 ) Period2 Per2 mutant mice Brdm1 were examined for structural (histology, in vivo imaging), phenotypical (RNA expression, immunohistochemistry) functional characteristics. Transcriptional levels selected cone genes [ red/green opsin Opn1mw ), blue Opn1sw...

Retinal photoreceptors undergo daily renewal of their distal outer segments, a process indispensable for maintaining retinal health. Photoreceptor segment (POS) phagocytosis occurs as peak, roughly about 1 hour after light onset. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms which initiate this are still unknown. Here we show that, under constant darkness, mice deficient core circadian clock genes (Per1 Per2) lack peak in POS phagocytosis. By qPCR analysis, found that were...

Basic‐leucine zipper transcription factors of the Maf family are key regulators various developmental and differentiation processes. We previously reported that phosphorylation status MafA is a critical determinant its biological functions. Using Western blot mass spectrometry analysis, we now show phosphorylated by p38 MAP kinase identify three phosphoacceptor sites: threonine 113 57, evolutionarily conserved residues located in activating domain, serine 272. Mutation these severely...

The circadian clock is thought to adjust retinal sensitivity ambient light levels, yet the involvement of specific genes poorly understood. We explored potential role nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (REV-ERBα; or NR1D1) in this respect. In light-evoked behavioral tests, comparedwith wildtype littermates, Rev-Erbα−/− mice showed enhanced negative masking at low levels (0.1 lx). mouse retinas displayed significantly higher numbers intrinsically photosensitive ganglion...

Abstract: The mammalian retina contains an extraordinary diversity of cell types that are highly organized into precise circuits to perceive and process visual information in a dynamic manner transmit it the brain. Above this builds up another level complex dynamic, orchestrated by circadian clock located within retina, which allows retinal physiology, hence function, adapt daily changes light intensity. is remarkable model because harbors photoreception, self-sustained oscillator...

Retinal photoreceptor outer segments (POS) are renewed daily through phagocytosis by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) monolayer. Phagocytosis is mainly driven RPE circadian clock but underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Using ARPE-19 (human cell-line) dispersed and monolayer cell cultures, we investigated influence of cellular organization on genes. PCR analysis revealed rhythmic expression genes in all cultures. Monolayers had a tendency for higher amplitudes gene...