The crayfish that was afraid of the dark We tend to assume complex emotions, such as anxiety, only occur in mammals or other cognitively vertebrates. But a heightened sense awareness and avoidance novel dangerous environments could be helpful for any animal species. Fossat et al. show exposed stressful electric field refuse enter arms light/dark maze, even after has been removed. animals calmed down when they were injected with an anxiolytic drug used treat anxiety humans, entered normal....

Influence of walking on swimmeret beating in intact lobsters, Homarus gammarus, has been analyzed using a treadmill experimental device. Belt movement activates both leg stepping and beating. The simultaneity the onset two motor systems this situation is demonstrated to be result startle response initiated when belt begins move. This reaction consists non-specific activity involving several antagonist postural dynamic muscles. Abdominal extension vigorous are main features reaction....

Significance Recent work has called into question the classic view of axons as electroanatomical cables that faithfully transmit nerve impulses in an all-or-none fashion over variable distances. Because their small size, below diffraction barrier light microscopy, it not been possible to resolve dynamic morphology living brain tissue. Enabled by a combination live-cell superresolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) electrophysiology, and mathematical modeling, we show here...

Significance Neurons integrate synaptic inputs at the axon initial segment (AIS), where action potential is initiated. Recent findings have shown this structure to be highly plastic. Here, we focus on axo-axonic synapses formed onto AIS and show that although chronic increases in neuronal activity result a distal relocation of AIS, do not change position. Computational modeling suggests spatial mismatch has critical functional consequences output, allowing cell downregulate its own...

Abstract Social interactions leading to dominance hierarchies often elicit psychological disorders in mammals including harassment and anxiety. Here, we demonstrate that this sequence also occurs an invertebrate, the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. When placed restricted space of aquarium, dyads generally fight until one opponents suddenly escapes, thereafter clearly expressing a submissive behaviour. Nevertheless, winner frequently keeps on displaying excessive aggressive acts, having...

In this paper, we present an alternative approach to perform spike sorting of complex brain signals based on spiking neural networks (SNN). The proposed architecture is suitable for hardware implementation by using RRAM technology the synapses whose low latency (< 1μs) enable real-time sorting. This offers promising advantages conventional techniques brain-computer interface and prosthesis applications. Moreover, ultralow power consumption network (nW range) may design autonomous implantable...

To this day, despite the increasing motor capability of robotic devices, elaborating efficient control strategies is still a key challenge in field humanoid arms. In particular, providing human ``pilot'' with ways to drive such arm requires thorough testing prior integration into finished system. Additionally, when it needed preserve anatomical consistency between pilot and robot, employ devices showing human-like features. fulfill need for biomimetic test platform, we present Reachy,...

Primary afferent depolarizations (PADs) are associated with presynaptic inhibition in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we have used anatomical electrophysiological techniques to analyze relative importance of shunting mechanisms versus sodium channel inactivation mediating decrease action potential amplitude, thereby inhibition. Experiments were performed sensory afferents a stretch receptor an vitro preparation crayfish. Lucifer yellow intracellular labeling axons...

1. The central control of sensory inputs from a proprioceptor [chordotonal organ (CO)] in the second joint [coxo-basipodite (CB)] fifth leg was studied crayfish vitro preparations (Fig. 1A). Simultaneous intracellular recordings CBCO terminals (CBT) and postsynaptic motoneurons (MNs) were performed along with micropipette pressure ejection or bath application gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to study presynaptic mechanisms at work CBT 1B). 2. Two used show that spikes never overshoot, more...

The inhibitory action of glycine and GABA in adult neurons consists both shunting incoming excitations moving the membrane potential away from (AP) threshold. By contrast, immature neurons, postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are depolarizing; it is generally accepted that, despite their depolarizing action, these IPSPs because Cl(-) conductance increase. Here we investigated integration (dIPSPs) with excitatory inputs neonatal rodent spinal cord by means intracellular recordings lumbar...

In the animal kingdom, biogenic amines are widespread modulators of nervous system that frequently interact in control mood. Our previous investigations crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) have established stress induces changes brain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations responsible for appearance anxiety-like behavior (ALB). The following study further analyzes roles 5-HT and another amine, dopamine (DA), on response to stress. Results showed intensity ALB depended stressful stimulation was...

L-type calcium channels in the CNS exist as two subunit forming channels, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3, which are involved short- long-term plasticity. We demonstrate that Cav1.3 but not is essential for wind-up. These results identify a key conductance responsible short-term sensitization physiological pain transmission. confirm role of model plasticity associated with neuropathic pain. Up-regulation down-regultation underlies switch from physiology to pathology. Finally, present study reveal...

Biphasic secretion is an autonomous feature of many endocrine micro-organs to fulfill physiological demands. The biphasic activity islet β-cells maintains glucose homeostasis and altered in type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, underlying cellular or multicellular functional organizations are only partially understood. High-resolution noninvasive multielectrode array recordings permit simultaneous analysis recruitment, single-cell, coupling within entire islets long-time experiments. Using this...

Abstract L ‐Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. Specific proteins, Na + /K ‐dependent high affinity amino acid transporters (EAATs), are involved extracellular clearance and recycling of this acid. Type I synapses Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) similarly use ‐glutamate as an transmitter. However, localization function only high‐affinity glutamate reuptake transporter , dEAAT1, at NMJ was unknown. Using a specific antibody transgenic strains, we...

Prosthetic restoration of reach and grasp function after a trans-humeral amputation requires control multiple distal degrees freedom in elbow, wrist fingers. However, such high level reduces the amount available myoelectric kinematic information from residual limb. To overcome these limits, we added contextual about target's location orientation as can now be extracted gaze tracking by computer vision tools. For task picking placing bottle various positions orientations 3D virtual scene,...

Impressive progress is being made in bionic limbs design and control. Yet, controlling the numerous joints of a prosthetic arm necessary to place hand at correct position orientation grasp objects remains challenging. Here, we designed an intuitive, movement-based prosthesis control that leverages natural coordination predict distal missing people with transhumeral limb loss based on proximal residual motion knowledge movement goal. This was validated 29 participants, including seven...

Abstract The simultaneous use of electromyography (EMG), strain gauges, and cinematography show that the capacity continuous displacement from a single peg is based on following: sequential activity tested muscles front to rear; restricted short portion body in contact with peg; alternate action muscle longissimus dorsi two sides, transition between one side other occurring at site unilateral supracostalis ventralis responsible for bulging against great stability direction resultant force,...

The social rank of an animal is distinguished by its behavior relative to others in community. Although social-status-dependent differences must arise because neural function, status-dependent the underlying circuitry have only begun be described. We report that dominant and subordinate crayfish differ their behavioral orienting response unexpected unilateral touch, these correlate with functional local circuits mediate responses. simultaneously recorded leg depressor muscle EMGs responses...