The axonal arbors of single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were visualized with a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein in rat brain. All eight reconstructed tyrosine hydroxylase-positive possessed widely spread and highly dense arborizations the neostriatum. them emitted very little axon collateral arborization outside striatum except for tiny external pallidum. striatal bush each neuron covered 0.45–5.7% (mean ± SD = 2.7 1.5%) total volume Furthermore, all...

Different striatal projection neurons are the origin of a dual organization essential for basal ganglia function. We have defined an analogous division labor in external globus pallidus (GPe) Parkinsonian rats, showing that distinct temporal activities two populations GPe neuron vivo underpinned by molecular profiles and axonal connectivities. A first population prototypic GABAergic fire antiphase to subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons, often express parvalbumin, target downstream nuclei,...

京都大学 博士(医学) 氏 名 倉本 恵梨子 論文題目 Two types of thalamocortical projections from the motor thalamic nuclei rat: a single neuron tracing study using viral vectors.(ラット視床の前腹側核-外側腹側核から大脳皮質への二種類の軸索投射様 式：ウイルスベクターを用いた単一ニューロンレベルでの解析)

The rat neostriatum has a mosaic organization composed of striosome/patch compartments embedded in more extensive matrix compartment, which are distinguished from each other by the input-output as well expression many molecular markers. compartment gives rise to dual γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic striatofugal systems, i.e. direct and indirect pathway neurons, whereas striosome is considered involve neurons alone. Although whole axonal arborization been examined vivo intracellular staining,...

Studies in dopamine-depleted rats indicate that the external globus pallidus (GPe) contains two main types of GABAergic projection cell; so-called "prototypic" and "arkypallidal" neurons. Here, we used correlative anatomical electrophysiological approaches to determine whether how this dichotomous organization applies dopamine-intact GPe. Prototypic neurons coexpressed transcription factors Nkx2-1 Lhx6, comprised approximately two-thirds all GPe neurons, were major cell type innervating...

Abstract We previously reported that about 80% of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3)‐positive cells displayed immunoreactivity for serotonin, but the others were negative in rat midbrain raphe nuclei, such as dorsal (DR) and median nuclei (MnR). In present study, to investigate precise distribution VGLUT3‐expressing nonserotonergic neurons DR MnR, we performed double fluorescence situ hybridization VGLUT3 tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2). According TPH2 mRNA signals, divided into six...

The generation of pyramidal neurons in the mammalian neocortex has been attributed to proliferating progenitor cells within ventricular zone (VZ). Recently, subventricular (SVZ) recognized as a possible source migratory brain slice preparations, but relevance these observations for developing vivo remains be defined. Here, we demonstrate that subset SVZ mouse can molecularly defined by Cre recombinase expression under control NEX/Math2 locus, neuronal basic helix-loop-helix gene itself is...

Upon drug activation, the nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates not only hepatic but also energy metabolism. Using Pxr(-/-) mice, we have now investigated PXR-mediated repression of lipid metabolism in fasting livers. Treatment with PXR activator pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) down-regulated mRNA levels carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (in beta-oxidation) and mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate-CoA synthase 2 ketogenesis) wild-type (Pxr(+/+)) mice only. In contrast,...

Motor thalamic nuclei, ventral anterior (VA), lateral (VL) and medial (VM) receive massive glutamatergic GABAergic afferents from the cerebellum basal ganglia, respectively. In present study, these were characterized with immunoreactivities for glutamic acid decarboxylase of 67 kDa (GAD67) vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT)2, examined by combining immunocytochemistry anterograde axonal labeling neuronal depletion methods in rat brain. VGluT2 immunoreactivity was intense caudodorsal...

In the brain, glycogen metabolism has been implied in synaptic plasticity and learning, yet distribution of this molecule not fully described. We investigated cerebral mouse by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using two monoclonal antibodies that have different affinities depending on size. The use focused microwave irradiation yielded well‐defined immunoreactive signals compared with conventional periodic acid‐Schiff method. IHC displayed a punctate localized predominantly astrocytic processes....

Classical schemes of basal ganglia organization posit that parkinsonian movement difficulties presenting after striatal dopamine depletion stem from the disproportionate firing rates spiny projection neurons (SPNs) therein. There remains, however, a pressing need to elucidate SPN in context synchronized network oscillations are abnormally exaggerated cortical–basal circuits parkinsonism. To address this, we recorded unit activities dorsal striatum dopamine-intact and dopamine-depleted rats...

Troglitazone is a 2,4-thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent with insulin-sensitizing activities. This had been used efficiently in large number of patients but was withdrawn from the market March 2000 because its association idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. To address susceptible genetic factors responsible for hepatotoxicity associated this agent, we performed polymorphic analysis by target gene approach troglitazone-treated Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus.One hundred ten treated troglitazone...

Abstract Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) and VGluT2 accumulate neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals, their antibodies are thus considered to be a good marker for glutamatergic axon terminals. In the present study, we investigated postnatal development maturation of neuronal systems by single‐ double‐immunolabelings VGluT1 in mouse forebrain including telencephalon diencephalon. immunoreactivity was widely distributed forebrain, particularly...

1. The activity of single neurons was recorded extracellularly from the monkey amygdala while monkeys performed a visual discrimination task. were trained to remember stimulus during delay period (0.5-3.0 s), discriminate new stimulus, and release lever when presented. Colored photographs (human faces, monkeys, foods, nonfood objects) or computer-generated two-dimensional shapes (a yellow triangle, red circle, etc.) used as stimuli. 2. 160 task-related studied. Of these, 144 (90%) responded...

A new recombinant virus which labeled the infected neurons in a Golgi stainlike fashion was developed. The based on replication-defective Sindbis and designed to express green fluorescent protein with palmitoylation signal (pal-GFP). When injected into ventrobasal thalamic nuclei, many were visualized fluorescence of palGFP injection site. labeling enhanced by immunocytochemical staining an antibody show entire configuration dendrites. Thalamocortical axons also intensely immunostained...

Abstract Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and VGLUT2 show complementary distribution in neocortex; VGLUT1 is expressed mainly axon terminals of neocortical neurons, whereas located chiefly thalamocortical terminals. However, we recently reported a frequent colocalization at subset postnatal developing neocortex. We here quantified the frequency between immunoreactivities single by using correlation coefficient (CC) as an indicator order to determine time course spatial extent...

Trigeminal sensory nuclei are the first processing stage in vibrissal system of rodents. They feature separate populations thalamic projecting cells and a rich network intersubnuclear connections, so that what is conveyed to cortex by each ascending pathways information depends on local transactions occur brainstem. In present study, we examined nature these connections combining electrolytic lesions with electrophysiological recordings, retrograde labeling situ hybridization, anterograde...

Abstract The soluble form of PD-L1 (sPD-L1) is related to a poor prognosis in various cancers. Comparisons sPD-L1 and expressed on tumor cells soft tissue patients have not been reported. purpose this study was analyze serum levels patients. A total 135 with primary tumors were enrolled study. level quantitatively measured by enzyme immunoassay, expression high grade sarcoma analyzed immunohistologically. There no significant differences between benign (48) (STS) (87). In STS, the (>44.26...

Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogenous psychiatric disorder. This study aimed to demonstrate the potential of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as clinical biomarker stratify schizophrenia patients enhance understandings their pathophysiology. We measured levels 179 miRNA 378 proteins in plasma samples experiencing acute psychosis obtained Positive Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores. The profile revealed three subgroups patients, where one subgroup tended have higher scores all PANSS...

[Purpose] To examine the effects of a combination static stretching (SS) and dynamic (DS) on muscle function. [Participants Methods] There were 32 healthy male participants. The hamstrings target muscles. Flexibility was measured using straight leg raise test output manual force meter. two measurements compared before after stretching, between group that first performed SS DS. [Results] improved significantly to level when either or DS first. However, there no significant differences in...

Abstract The neostriatum, which possesses a mosaic organization consisting of patch and matrix compartments, receives glutamatergic excitatory afferents from the cerebral cortex thalamus. Differences in synaptic these striatopetal between compartments were examined rat using confocal laser scanning electron microscopes. Thalamostriatal terminals immunopositive for vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 2 less dense than compartment, although density VGluT1‐immunopositive corticostriatal was...