A5061366174- HIV Research and Treatment
- HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Reproductive tract infections research
- Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Respiratory viral infections research
- Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Gut microbiota and health
- Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Infant Nutrition and Health
- Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
- Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Fred Hutch Cancer Center
2016-2025
University of Washington
2008-2024
Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory / Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa
2008-2024
Centro Regional de Derechos Humanos y Justicia de Género, Corporación Humanas
2019
Cancer Research Center
2012-2017
North Seattle College
1999-2016
TwistDx (United Kingdom)
2013
University of Nairobi
2012
Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
2009
Johns Hopkins University
1996-2005
Background and Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the influence race, sex, other risk factors on location atherosclerotic occlusive lesions in cerebral vessels. Previous angiographic studies patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) suggest that extracranial atherosclerosis is more common whites intracranial disease blacks. Noninvasive techniques such as duplex ultrasound, transcranial Doppler (TCD), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) allow vascular assessment a...
Early diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in infants can greatly reduce mortality rates. However, current infant HIV-1 diagnostics cannot reliably be performed at the point care, often delaying compromising its efficacy. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel technology that ideal for an diagnostic, as it amplifies target DNA <20 min constant temperature, without need complex thermocycling equipment. Here we tested 63 HIV-1-specific...
Little is known about achievable levels of antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence in resource-limited settings. We conducted a cross-sectional study among patients at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital's Adult HIV Clinic Soweto, South Africa. Adherence was assessed using 1-month, self-report questionnaire and calculated as ratio doses taken to prescribed. The 66 studied had mean age 36.1 years, median duration ART use 18 months, an overall baseline CD4+ cell count 200/mm3 (IQR: 114–364)....
ABSTRACT During postblastoderm embryogenesis in Drosophila, cell cycles progress an invariant spatiotemporal pattern. Most of these are differentially timed by bursts transcription string (cdc25), a gene encoding phosphatase that triggers mitosis activating the Cdc2 kinase. An analysis expression 36 pattern-formation mutants shows known patterning genes act locally to influence transcription. Embryonic fragments complete pattern requires extensive cis-acting regulatory sequences...
Sensitive diagnostic tests for infectious diseases often employ nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAATs). However, most NAAT assays, including many isothermal methods, require power-dependent instrumentation incubation. For use in low resource settings (LRS), diagnostics that do not consistent electricity supply would be ideal. Recombinase polymerase (RPA) is an technology has been shown to typically work at temperatures ranging from 25–43°C, and does a stringent incubation...
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) or TDF alone reduces the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Understanding antiretroviral resistance selected by PrEP during breakthrough infections is important because treatment failure subsequent use.Within largest randomized trial FTC/TDF versus as PrEP, plasma samples were tested for HIV mutations associated FTC (K65R and M184IV) K70E), using 454 sequencing.Of 121...
Quantifying the replication-competent HIV reservoir is essential for evaluating curative strategies. Viral outgrowth assays (VOAs) underestimate because they fail to induce all proviruses. Single- or double-region DNA overestimate it exclude many defective We designed two triplex droplet digital PCR assays, each with 2 unique targets and 1 in common, normalize results PCR-based T cell counts. Both are specific, sensitive, reproducible. Together, estimate number of proviruses containing five...
A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (KABPs) toward HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) was conducted in Soweto, South Africa, using a standardized validated questionnaire. Of 105 clinic patients evaluated, 70% whom were not on ART, 89% had good knowledge about the cause infection 83% knew modes transmission. Fifty-nine percent reported they worried ART side effects. Sixty-five agreed that missing doses can lead to disease progression. Ninety disclosed their...
Abstract Mitosis in most Drosophila cells is triggered by brief bursts of transcription string (stg), a Cdc25-type phosphatase that activates the mitotic kinase, Cdk1 (Cdc2). To understand how regulated, we analyzed expression string-lacZ reporter genes covering ∼40 kb locus. We also tested protein coding fragments locus 6 to 31.6 for their ability complement loss function embryos and imaginal discs. A plethora cis-acting elements spread over &gt;30 control different tissue types....
A reservoir of HIV-infected cells that persists despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the source viral rebound upon ART cessation and major barrier to a cure. Understanding seeding dynamics will help identify best timing for HIV cure strategies. Here we characterize using longitudinal samples from before after initiation in individuals who sequentially became infected with genetically distinct variants (superinfected). We previously identified cases superinfection cohort Kenyan...
Background Historically, children who are HIV-exposed, uninfected (CHEU) have been found to greater morbidity and mortality than HIV-unexposed, (CHUU). To assess whether this difference persists in the era of universal antiretroviral therapy (ART), we conducted a cohort study compare risk acute diarrhoea, respiratory tract infections (RTI), malaria, hospitalisation, all-cause between Kenyan CHEU CHUU from birth 2 years. Methods From December 2018 March 2020 at Mathare North Health Centre...
Background: The effects of short-course antiretrovirals given to reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) on temporal patterns cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA in breast milk are not well defined. Methods: Women Kenya received zidovudine (ZDV), single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP), combination ZDV/sdNVP or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Breast samples were collected two three times weekly for 4–6 weeks. was quantified by real-time PCR. Cell-free levels the Gen-Probe viral load...
Abstract Introduction : The number of HIV‐infected children and adolescents requiring second‐line antiretroviral treatment (ART) is increasing in low‐ middle‐income countries (LMIC). However, the effectiveness paediatric ART potential risk factors for virologic failure are poorly characterized. We performed an aggregate analysis outcomes assessed need third‐line ART. Methods a multicentre by systematically reviewing literature to identify cohorts receiving LMIC, contacting corresponding...
HIV-infected children may require the use of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) into adulthood. However, regimens are limited to first line and second in many African settings. Therefore, understanding long-term rate virologic failure drug resistance during prolonged is important for establishing strategies pediatric cohorts.Children aged 18 months 12 years initiated first-line cART were followed every 1-3 months, up 5.5 years. Treatment was switched second-line based on clinical...
Resistance commonly arises in infants exposed to single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) for prevention of mother child transmission. Although K103N and Y181C are common following sdNVP, multiple other mutations also confer NVP resistance. It remains unclear whether specific resistance or combinations predict virologic failure when present at low frequencies before NVP-based treatment.Twenty sdNVP-exposed who were subsequently treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy examined. Pretreatment...
A major barrier to conducting HIV cure research in populations with the highest burden is lack of an accurate assay quantify replication-competent reservoir across dominant global HIV-1 subtypes. Here, we modify a subtype B that quantifies both intact and defective proviral DNA, adapting it accommodate cross-subtype sequence diversity. We show works on subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01_AE can detect single copy provirus. In longitudinal blood samples from Kenyan infants infected patterns total DNA...
Background HIV may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity generally, but data are limited about its impact on postpartum women their infants. As such, we characterized among mother-infant pairs in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods We conducted a nested study of 62 HIV-uninfected 64 healthy living with HIV, as well HIV-exposed uninfected (N = 61) HIV-unexposed 64) infants, participating prospective cohort. serology was performed plasma collected between May 1, 2020-February 2022 to...
Objectives Recent studies have identified vaginal bacterial taxa associated with increased HIV risk. A possible mechanism to explain these results is that individual differentially promote cervicovaginal inflammation. This study aimed explore relationships between concentrations of bacteria previously linked acquisition and proinflammatory cytokines chemokines. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, 17 four (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)) two...
To compare the effect of perinatal regimens short-course nevirapine (HIVNET 012) and zidovudine [Thai-Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) regimen] on breast milk viral shedding transmission during first 6 weeks postpartum in a randomized clinical trial.Randomized trial.Pregnant HIV-1 seropositive women Nairobi, Kenya who planned to breastfeed were HIVNET 012 or Thai-CDC regimens. Two four samples collected each week between delivery postpartum. Breast RNA was quantified using...
Antiretroviral resistance after short-course regimens used to prevent mother-to-child transmission has consequences for later treatment. Directly comparing the prevalence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and zidovudine plus single-dose nevirapine (ZDV/sdNVP) will provide critical information when assessing relative merits these interventions.In a clinical trial in Kenya, pregnant women were randomized receive either ZDV/sdNVP or HAART through 6 months breastfeeding. Plasma...
Resistance to emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) or TDF alone used as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been detected in individuals who initiated PrEP during unrecognized acute HIV infection and, rarely, breakthrough infections. PrEP-selected resistance could alter future treatment options, and therefore we sought determine how long persisted after cessation.The Partners Study was a randomized placebo-controlled trial of FTC/TDF for prevention. We previously...