Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular signature of most viruses, and triggers inflammatory responses that prevent viral spread. TLR3 ectodomains (ECDs) dimerize on oligonucleotides at least 40 to 50 base pairs in length, the minimal length required for signal transduction. To establish basis ligand binding signaling, we determined crystal structure complex between two mouse TLR3-ECDs dsRNA 3.4 angstrom resolution. Each TLR3-ECD binds sites located...

Abstract Transitory starch, a major photosynthetic product in the leaves of land plants, accumulates chloroplasts during day and is hydrolyzed to maltose Glc at night support respiration metabolism. Previous studies Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that degradation transitory starch only occurs chloroplasts. Here, we report autophagy, nonplastidial process, participates leaf degradation. Excessive accumulation was observed Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings treated with an autophagy inhibitor...

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that recycles damaged or unwanted cellular components, and has been linked to plant immunity. However, how autophagy contributes immunity unknown. Here we reported the autophagic machinery targets virulence factor βC1 of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) for degradation through its interaction with key protein ATG8. A V32A mutation in abolished NbATG8f, carrying βC1V32A showed increased symptoms viral DNA accumulation plants....

Autophagy as a conserved catabolic pathway can respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays an important role in degrading oxidized proteins plants under various stress conditions. However, how ROS regulates autophagy response oxidative stresses is largely unknown. Here, we show that autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3) interacts with the cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs) regulate Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We found inhibits interaction of ATG3 GAPCs....

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs that play vital regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and environmental stress responses. Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal highly toxic to living organisms. To date, number of conserved non-conserved miRNAs have been identified be involved response Cd some species. However, the miRNA-mediated gene networks responsive radish (Raphanus sativus L.) remain largely unexplored. dissect Cd-responsive their targets...

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process and involved in the regulation of programmed cell death during plant immune response. However, mechanisms regulating autophagy are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1), a highly regulator, interacts with ATG6, core autophagy-related protein. Silencing BI-1 reduced autophagic activity induced by both N gene-mediated resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) methyl viologen (MV), enhanced death. In...

Viral myocarditis, which is most prevalently caused by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, a serious clinical condition characterized cardiac inflammation. Inflammasome plays an essential role in the regulation of diverse inflammatory responses serving as platform for caspase-1 activation and caspase-1-dependent proteolytic maturation secretion IL-1β. Although inflammasome has been reported to be crucial development many diseases, its pathogenesis viral myocarditis still elusive. The present...

Abstract Autophagy plays an important role in plant–pathogen interactions. Several pathogens including viruses induce autophagy plants, but the underpinning mechanism remains largely unclear. Furthermore, virus–plant interactions, viral factor(s) that have yet to be identified. Here, we report βC1 protein of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC), a negative autophagic regulator, Nicotiana benthamiana. CLCuMuB...

Abstract Cytokinin (CTK) is an important plant hormone that promotes cell division, controls differentiation, and regulates a variety of growth development processes. oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) irreversible cytokinin‐degrading enzyme affects by regulating the dynamic balance CTKs synthesis degradation. There are presumed 11 members CKX gene family in rice ( Oryza sativa L.), but limited have been reported. In this study, based on CRISPR‐Cas9 CRISPR‐Cas12a genome‐editing technology, we...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in various biological processes across kingdoms. Many plant miRNAs have been experimentally identified or predicted by bioinformatics mining of small RNA databases. However, the functions these remain largely unknown due to lack effective genetic tools. Here, we report a virus-based microRNA silencing (VbMS) system that can be used for functional analysis miRNAs. VbMS is performed through tobacco rattle expression miRNA target mimics silence endogenous...

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play pivotal roles in plant growth, development and stress response. Chromium (Cr) is one of common environmental contaminants possessing potential health hazards to living organisms. To date, little known about the regulatory miRNAs response Cr radish. systematically identify Cr-responsive their targets radish, two sRNA libraries derived from Cr-free (CK) Cr-treated (Cr200) roots were constructed. With Solexa sequencing, 81 72 novel...

Chemoresistance is one of the major reasons leading to ovarian cancer high mortality and poor survival. Studies have shown that alteration cellular autophagy associated with cell chemoresistance. Here, we investigated whether chemoresistance induced by inhibitor DNA binding 1 (ID1). By using gene overexpression or silencing, luciferase assay human specimens, show ID1 induces confers The mechanistic study demonstrates first activates NF-κB signaling through facilitating nuclear translocation...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with secondary bacterial infections caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The pathogenesis of these complications not completely understood; however, viral respiratory epithelial cells promotes colonization bacteria. In the present study, RSV virions NTHi pneumococci in an inoculum-dependent manner a fluid-phase binding assay. Adherence S. pneumoniae to transiently expressing G glycoprotein...

Tm-22 is a coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat resistance protein that confers durable extreme against Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tobacco (TMV) by recognizing the viral movement (MP). Here we report Nicotiana benthamiana J-domain MIP1 proteins (NbMIP1s) associate with tobamovirus MP, SGT1. Silencing of NbMIP1s reduced TMV compromised Tm-22-mediated ToMV. Furthermore, silencing steady-state levels ToMV MP Tm-22. Moreover, are required for plant induced other R genes nonhost...

Microtubules, the major components of cytoskeleton, are involved in various fundamental biological processes plants. Recent studies mammalian cells have revealed importance microtubule cytoskeleton autophagy. However, little is known about roles microtubules plant Here, we found that ATG6 interacts with TUB8/β-tubulin 8 and colocalizes Nicotiana benthamiana. Disruption by either silencing tubulin genes or treatment microtubule-depolymerizing agents N. benthamiana reduces autophagosome...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of endogenous non-coding small RNAs that play critical roles in plant growth and developmental processes. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is typically maternally inherited trait widely used heterosis utilization. However, the miRNA-mediated regulatory network CMS occurrence during anther development remains largely unknown radish. In this study, comparative RNAome sequencing was conducted floral buds line 'WA' its maintainer 'WB' by high-throughput sequencing....

Autogamy in cultivated tomato varieties is a derived trait from wild type plants, which are mostly allogamous. However, environmental stresses can cause morphological defects flowers and hinder autogamy. Under elevated temperatures, plants usually exhibit the phenotype of stigma exsertion, with severely hindered self-pollination fruit setting, whereas inherent mechanism exsertion have been hitherto unknown. Numerous small RNAs (sRNAs) shown to play significant roles plant development stress...

Autophagy plays an important role in plant antiviral defense. Several viruses are reported to encode viral suppressor of autophagy (VSA) prevent for effective virus infection. However, whether and how other viruses, particular DNA also VSAs affect infection plants is unknown. Here, we report that the C4 protein encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan geminivirus (CLCuMuV) inhibits binding negative regulator eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) enhance eIF4A-Autophagy-related 5...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital regulatory roles in plant growth and development. The phase transition from vegetative to flowering is crucial the life cycle of plants. To date, miRNA-mediated networks remain largely unexplored radish. In this study, two small RNA libraries radish leaves at reproductive stages were constructed sequenced by Solexa sequencing. A total 94 known miRNAs representing 21 conserved 13 non-conserved miRNA families, 44 potential novel miRNAs, identified libraries....

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the primary causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), affecting children with severe neurological complications. Pyroptosis a programmed cell death characterized by lysis inflammatory response. Although proinflammatory response has been implicated to play important roles in EV71-caused diseases, involvement pyroptosis pathogenesis EV71 poorly defined. We show that infection induced caspase-1 activation. Responding activation caspase-1, expression...