Since the development of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in early 1980s, a range repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols are now available to modulate neuronal plasticity clinical and non-clinical populations. However, despite wide application rTMS humans, mechanisms underlying rTMS-induced remain uncertain. Animal vitro models provide an adjunct method investigating potential synaptic non-synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes experimental studies, vivo studies with intact rodents,...

Central nervous system myelination increases action potential conduction velocity. However, it is unclear how coordinated to ensure the temporally precise arrival of potentials and facilitate information processing within cortical associative circuits. Here, we show that myelin sheaths, supported by mature oligodendrocytes, remain plastic in adult mouse brain undergo subtle structural modifications influence Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation spatial learning, two stimuli modify...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is commonly used to study the brain or as a treatment for neurological disorders, but neural circuits and molecular mechanisms it affects remain unclear. To determine of rTMS regions they occur in, we spatial transcriptomics map changes gene expression across mouse in response two protocols. Our results revealed that alters genes related several cellular processes plasticity brain, which was both region– protocol–dependent. In cortex,...

Rodent models of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) play a crucial role in aiding the understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TMS induced plasticity. Rodent-specific have previously been used to deliver focal at cost stimulus intensity (12mT). Here we describe two novel coils designed repetitive (rTMS) greater intensities whilst maintaining spatial resolution. Two circular (8 mm outer diameter) were constructed with either an air or pure iron core. Peak field strength...

Abstract Neuronal activity is a potent extrinsic regulator of oligodendrocyte generation and central nervous system myelination. Clinically, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to noninvasively modulate neuronal activity; however, the ability rTMS facilitate adaptive myelination has not been explored. By performing cre‐lox lineage tracing, follow fate progenitor cells in adult mouse brain, we determined that low intensity (LI‐rTMS), administered as an intermittent...

Biomimetic patterns of weak magnetic pulses modify gene expression and need cryptochrome to induce cerebellar reinnervation.

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of disability and stroke-induced changes in cortical excitability are thought to impede functional recovery. Identifying cellular targets that contribute maladaptive holds great potential for the development therapeutic interventions improve stroke outcomes. One target axon initial segment (AIS), specialised domain where action potentials initiated. In acute phase post stroke, neurons peri-infarct zone display abnormal AIS structural properties which...

Abstract Concurrent application of transcranial alternating current stimulation over distant cortical regions has been shown to modulate functional connectivity between stimulated regions; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated how bifocal applied bilateral primary sensorimotor cortices modulates left and right motor (M1). Using a cross-over sham-controlled triple-blind design, 37 (27 female, age: 18 yrs) healthy participants received (1.0 mA, 20 Hz, min)...

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive tool commonly used to drive neural plasticity in the young adult and aged brain. Recent data from mouse models have shown that even at subthreshold intensities (0.12 T), rTMS can neuronal glial motor cortex. However, physiological mechanisms underlying induced whether these are altered with normal ageing unclear.ObjectiveTo assess effect of rTMS, using intermittent theta burst (iTBS) protocol on structural...

Neocortical neurons in vivo are spontaneously active and intracellular recordings have revealed strongly fluctuating membrane potentials arising from the irregular arrival of excitatory inhibitory synaptic potentials. In addition to these rapid fluctuations, more slowly varying influences diffuse activation neuromodulatory systems alter excitability cortical by modulating a variety potassium conductances. particular, acetylcholine, which effects learning memory, reduces slow...

Abstract Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is commonly used to modulate cortical plasticity in clinical and non-clinical populations. Clinically, rTMS delivered targeted regions of the cortex at high intensities (>1 T). We have previously shown that even low intensities, induces structural molecular rodent cortex. To determine whether intensity (LI-rTMS) alters behavioural performance, daily intermittent theta burst LI-rTMS (120 mT) or sham was as a priming consolidating...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is primarily used in humans to change the state of corticospinal excitability. To assess efficacy different rTMS protocols, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are as a readout due their non-invasive nature. Stimulation cortex produces response targeted muscle, and amplitude this twitch provides an indirect measure current cortex. When applied cortex, can alter MEP amplitude, however results variable between participants across studies. In...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a form of non-invasive brain frequently used to induce neuroplasticity in the brain. Even at low intensities, rTMS has been shown modulate aspects neuronal plasticity such as motor learning and structural reorganisation neural tissue. However, impact intensity on glial cells astrocytes remains largely unknown. This study investigated changes RNA (qPCR array: 125 selected genes) protein levels (immunofluorescence) cultured mouse following...

Objective. Noninvasive focal stimulation of deep brain regions has been a major goal for neuroscience and neuromodulation in the past three decades. Transcranial magnetic (TMS), instance, cannot target without activating overlying tissues poor spatial resolution. In this manuscript, we propose new concept that relies on temporal interference (TI) two high-frequency fields generated by electromagnetic solenoids.Approach. To illustrate concept, custom solenoids were fabricated optimized to...

Abstract Static magnetic stimulation (SMS) is a form of non-invasive brain that alters neural activity and induces plasticity outlasts the period stimulation. This can modify corticospinal excitability or motor behaviours, suggesting SMS may alter intrinsic neurons. In mammalian neurons, axon initial segment (AIS) site action potential initiation undergoes structural (changes in length position from soma) as homeostatic mechanism to counteract chronic changes neuronal activity. We...

Abstract Background Rodent models using subthreshold intensities of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have provided insight into the biological mechanisms TMS but often differ from human studies in intensity electric field (E-field) induced brain. Objective To develop a finite element method model as guide for translation between low and medium rodent high humans. Methods FEM three head (mouse, rat, human), eight coils were developed to simulate flux density (B-field) E-field values by...

Low intensity repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (LI-rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has been shown to induce structural and functional plasticity, including short distance axonal sprouting. However, the potential for LI-rTMS promote regeneration following neurotrauma not investigated. This study examined effect on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, axon levels BDNF in an optic nerve crush model. Adult C57Bl/6J mice received unilateral intraorbital crush. Mice...

Introduction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used for treating neurological disorders. Rapid pulses of field are delivered via a high-current coil situated over the scalp and induce an electric in brain. There has been limited fundamental scientific research on TMS to progress it would be ideal mimic human with mice. Animal models provide good mechanistic insight, but their use hindered by lack stimulating coils comparable focus intensity stimulation. Methods. We outline...

Abstract Tinnitus (phantom auditory perception associated with hearing loss) can seriously affect wellbeing. Its neural substrate is unknown however it has been linked abnormal activity in pathways. Though no cure currently exists, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) shown to reduce tinnitus some patients, possibly via induction of cortical plasticity involving brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We examined whether low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) alleviates signs a guinea...

Burn injuries are devastating traumas, often leading to life-long consequences that extend beyond the observable burn scar. In context of nervous system, injury patients commonly develop chronic neurological disorders and have been suggested impaired motor cortex function, but long-lasting impact on neurons glia in brain is unknown. Using a mouse model non-severe injury, excitatory inhibitory primary were labelled with fluorescent proteins using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). A total 5...