The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex physical and functional protecting the central nervous system from chemical insults. Nevertheless, it also constitutes against therapeutics for treating neurological disorders. In this context, nanomaterial-based therapy provides potential alternative overcoming problem. Graphene family has attracted significant interest in nanomedicine because their unique physicochemical properties make them amenable to applications drug/gene delivery neural...

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating has been frequently used to improve the pharmacokinetic behavior of nanoparticles. Studies that contribute better unravel effects PEGylation on toxicity nanoparticle formulation are therefore highly relevant. In present study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was functionalized with PEG, and its key components blood-brain barrier, such as astrocytes endothelial cells, were analyzed in culture an vivo rat model. The vitro studies demonstrated...

We have previously demonstrated that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) administered intravenously in rats was detected inside the hippocampus after downregulation of tight and adherens junction proteins blood-brain barrier. While down-regulators junctional could be useful tools for drug delivery through paracellular pathway, concerns over toxicity must investigated before clinical application. Herein, our purpose to trace whether rGO triggered toxic alterations this brain region target organs...

We recently demonstrated that sildenafil reduces the expression of cytokines, COX-2, and GFAP in a demyelinating model induced wild-type (WT) mice. Herein, understandings neuroprotective effect mediation iNOS/NO system on inflammatory demyelination by cuprizone were investigated. The cerebella iNOS −/− mice examined after four weeks treatment with alone or combined sildenafil. Cuprizone increased GFAP, Iba-1, TNF- α , IL-1 β IFN- γ expression, decreased glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTpi),...

Abstract The hyperphosphorylation of microtubule‐associated protein tau (tau) in the hippocampus can be caused by central and peripheral insulin resistance these alterations are related to development tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used a high‐fat diet induce obesity adult Swiss mice checked whether supplementation with Myrciaria jaboticaba berry peel for 10 weeks could improve sensitivity, learning/memory performance, prevent phosphorylation hippocampus....

Natural compounds could be a complementary alternative to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management. This study determined the effects of an aqueous extract Myrciaria jaboticaba peel (EJP) (50 g L-1) on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis. Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: HC-healthy control, CC-colitis DC-drug SJ-short-term treatment with EJP, and LJ-long-term EJP. The EJP treatments reduced body weight loss, stool consistency score, spleen enlargement. Gut...

Abstract Several recent studies have established the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in painful clinical conditions. Diabetic neuropathy (DN) can be related to activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as p38, peripheral nerve. MAPK pathway is activated response extracellular stimuli, including interleukins TNF-α and IL-1β. We verified pain relief potential PBMT streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathic rats its influence on regulation calcium (Ca 2+ )...

Environmental enrichment (EE) is considered an efficient neuroprotector against neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. In this context, aim of study was to investigate effects HI and environmental stimulation in hippocampus rats at 3 different time points (PND 8, 22 60), evaluating some aspects BBB structure function. Seven-day-old Wistar were divided into four groups: a control group maintained standard environment (CTSE), (CTEE), (HISE)...

In this study, we supplemented a high-fat diet (HF) with 5% powder of freeze-dried Syzygium malaccense fruit (HS) and investigated proofs peripheral insulin resistance, hippocampal AKT–GSK3-β–tau activation, learning/memory performance, brain frontal lobe oxidative stress. The intake HS did not prevent weight gain but promoted sensitivity, improved AKT signaling in the hippocampus, which prevented activation GSK3-β lowered tau phosphorylation induced HF. results from Morris water maze...

The influence of He-Ne laser radiation on the formation new blood vessels in bone marrow compartment a regenerating area mid-cortical diaphysis tibiae young adult rats was studied. A small hole surgically made with dentistry burr tibia and injured received daily therapy over 7 or 14 days transcutaneously starting 24 h from surgery. Incident energy density dosages 31.5 94.5 Jcm(-2) were applied during period wound healing investigated. Light microscopic examination histological sections...

Antivenom therapy has been ineffective in neutralizing the severe local fast developing tissue damage following snakebite envenoming. Herein, some effects of situ helium neon (HeNe) laser irradiation on rat nerve-muscle preparation injected with Bothrops jararacussu venom are described. The tibialis anterior muscle was diluted 0.9% saline solution (60 microg/0.02 mL) or alone. Sixty minutes after injection, treatment administered at three incident energy densities: dose 1, a single exposure...

Crotalinae snake venoms cause severe local myonecrosis and microvasculature failure at the bite site. We evaluated whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT) could accelerate angiogenesis myoregeneration in male Swiss mice injected with Bothrops moojeni venom through immunohistochemistry of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1). Envenomed gastrocnemius was either unirradiated (V) or irradiated HeNe (VHN, 632.8 nm) GaAs (VGA, 904 nm, 10000 Hz). Animals sacrificed 3 12 h were...

Extracts from Dipteryx alata bark obtained with different solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol) were mixed in vitro Bothrops jararacussu (Bjssu, 40 μg/mL) Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt, 15 snake venoms, applied to a mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation evaluate the possible neutralization of venom effects. Cdt neurotoxic effect was not inhibited by any extracts, while myotoxic actions Bjssu decreased methanolic extract. This inhibition appears be augmented...

Viper snake envenoming induces in the victims systemic coagulopathy, and severe local tissue damage such as edema, hemorrhage, intense pain, myonecrosis. Serumtherapy other first-aid managements are ineffective neutralizing these effects. The effects of gallium-arsenide (Ga-As) laser irradiation on mice gastrocnemius injected intramuscularly (i.m.) with Bothrops moojeni venom were investigated.Macroscopical, histopatological, myonecrosis quantification through serum creatine kinase (CK)...

Abstract: Bothropstoxin‐I from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom is a lysine‐49 phospholipase A 2 with myotoxic and neurotoxic activities. In this study, we used mouse phrenic nerve‐diaphragm preparations in the absence presence of manganese (Mn 2+ ), presynaptic blocker, to investigate possible action bothropstoxin‐I. At concentrations 0.9 mM 1.8 mM, Mn produced 50% neuromuscular blockade less than 4 min., which was spontaneously reversible at lower concentration. (1.4 μM) irreversibly...

The venom of Bothrops moojeni has potent proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities. In previous work, we showed that intravenous injection this in rats decreased creatinine clearance caused tubular dysfunction histopathological changes with no alterations blood pressure. current study used scanning transmission electron microscopy to assess the ultrastructural by B. (0.4 mg/kg i.v.) rat renal glomeruli correlated these severity proteinuria 5 hours, 16 48 hours after injection. included...