A5089916883- Cryospheric studies and observations
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
- Landslides and related hazards
- Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
- Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
- Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- earthquake and tectonic studies
- Seismology and Earthquake Studies
- Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Climate change and permafrost
- Polar Research and Ecology
- Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
- Geological Studies and Exploration
- Marine and environmental studies
- Geological formations and processes
- High-pressure geophysics and materials
- Planetary Science and Exploration
- Geological Modeling and Analysis
- Balkan and Eastern European Studies
- Science and Climate Studies
- Earthquake Detection and Analysis
- Aeolian processes and effects
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
University of Iceland
2014-2024
Japan External Trade Organization
2019
The 39-day long eruption at the summit of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in April–May 2010 was modest size but ash widely dispersed. By combining data from ground surveys and remote sensing we show that erupted material 4.8±1.2·1011 kg (benmoreite trachyte, dense rock equivalent volume 0.18±0.05 km3). About 20% lava water-transported tephra, 80% airborne tephra (bulk 0.27 km3) transported by 3–10 km high plumes. mostly fine (diameter <1000 µm). At least 7·1010 (70 Tg) very (<28 µm), several times...
Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof crustal magma reservoir, forming caldera. Only few such collapses per century, and lack detailed observations has obscured insight into mechanical interplay between eruption. We use multiparameter geophysical geochemical data to show that 110-square-kilometer 65-meter-deep Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal magma, lateral migration 48-kilometers-long dike, from 12-kilometers deep...
The effusive six months long 2014-2015 Bárðarbunga eruption (31 August-27 February) was the largest in Iceland for more than 200 years, producing 1.6 ± 0.3 km 3 of lava.The total SO 2 emission 11 5 Mt, amount emitted from Europe 2011.The ground level concentration exceeded 350 µg m -3 hourly average health limit over much days to weeks.Anomalously high concentrations were also measured at several locations September.The lowest pH fresh snowmelt site 3.3, and 3.2 precipitation 105 away...
Abstract The basaltic effusive eruption at Mt. Fagradalsfjall lasted from 19 March to 18 September 2021, ending a 781‐year repose period on Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. By late 33 near real‐time photogrammetric surveys were completed using satellite and airborne images, usually processed within 3–6 hr. results provide unprecedented temporal data sets of lava volume, thickness, effusion rate. This enabled rapid assessment evolution hazards populated areas, important infrastructure, tourist...
Surface displacements induced by ice load variation through time are calculated spatial integration of Green's function for both end-members: an elastic half-space and a thick plate lying over inviscid mantle. The model allows the consideration caused short-term (seasonal) variations. describes final relaxed state. transition between these two stages is dominated effective relaxation which depends on mantle viscosity. This behaviour considered to estimate long-term changes (ice retreat...
Abstract The Katla caldera is located under the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap and one of most hazardous volcanoes in Iceland due to major jökulhlaups that accompany eruptions. Subglacial geothermal activity manifested several 10–50m deep depressions (ice cauldrons) within at rim total heat output order a few hundred megawatts. A short-lived but powerful pulse took place 1999, probably including minor subglacial eruption, when new cauldrons formed three places an unexpected jökulhlaup occurred....
At the time of writing (January 9, 2024) four basaltic effusive eruptions have taken place on Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland since 2021. This includes three within Fagradalsfjall volcanic system (March 19&#8211;September 18, 2021; August 3&#8211;21, 2022 and July 10&#8211;August 5, 2023) one eruption Svartsengi (December 18&#8211;21, 2023). Near real-time photogrammetric monitoring was performed during all results yielded parameters such as lava volumes, thicknesses,...
We report how data from satellite and aerial synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations were integrated into monitoring of the 2014-2015 Holuhraun eruption in Bárðarbunga volcanic system, largest effusive Iceland since 1783-84 Laki eruption. A lava field formed one most remote areas Iceland, after propagation a ~50 km-long dyke beneath Vatnajökull ice cap, where caldera is located. Due to 6 month duration eruption, mainly wintertime, daily was particularly challenging. During European...
Abstract. The 2017 Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes (SUSTAIN) drilling project at volcano, sponsored in part by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), provides precise observations of hydrothermal, geochemical, geomagnetic, microbiological changes that have occurred basaltic tephra minor intrusions since explosive effusive eruptions produced oceanic island 1963–1967. Two vertically cored boreholes,...
We assess the volume change and mass balance of three ice caps in southern Iceland for two periods, 1979/1984 to 1998 2004, by comparing digital elevation models (DEMs). The are Eyjafjallajökull (ca. 81 km²), Tindfjallajökull 15 km²) Torfajökull 14 km²). DEMs were compiled using aerial photographs from 1979 1984, airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images obtained image pairs SPOT 5 satellite's high-resolution stereoscopic (HRS) instrument acquired 2004. ice-free part accurate DEM was...
Abstract In the Gjálp eruption in 1996, a subglacial hyaloclastite ridge was formed over volcanic fissure beneath Vatnajökull ice cap Iceland. The initial thickness along 6 km-long varied from 550 m to 750 greatest northern part but least central where subaerial crater active during eruption. shape of has been mapped, using direct observations top edifice 1997, radio echo soundings and gravity surveying. is remarkably height. southern low narrow whereas highest, rising 450 above pre-eruption...
Abstract The gradual collapse of the subglacial Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014–2015 provided an opportunity to explore geothermal signals produced by large‐scale volcanic events. In August 2014, four ice cauldrons (shallow depressions on surface) formed flank. These reached their maximum volume rapidly and then shrank, indicating that they were created during minor eruptions. Several weeks after start collapse, three rim grew volume, with smaller forming 2015–2017. volumes range 1.0 ± 0.2 27 3...
Abstract. We present repeated radio-echo sounding (RES, 5 MHz) on a profile grid over the eastern Skaftá cauldron (ESC) in Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland. The ESC is ∼ 3 km wide and 50–150 m deep created maintained by subglacial geothermal activity of 1 GW. Beneath 200–400 thick ice, water accumulates lake released semi-regularly jökulhlaups. RES record consists annual surveys conducted at beginning every summer during period 2014–2020. Comparison reveals variable area (0.5–4.1 km2) enables...